ZMapp: Under contract with DOD’s Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) and BARDA, ZMapp’s antibodies are produced in specially grown tobacco plants and have only been produced in limited quantities. BARDA is sponsoring the manufacturing of ZMapp for Phase 1-2 clinical studies. ZMapp has shown evidence of antiviral activity in animal models of infection. Clinical studies are expected to start in early 2015 at NIAID. Other clinical studies are slated to begin in affected African countries in early 2015. This therapeutic candidate has been used under an emergency investigational new drug (eIND) application in Ebola-infected patients in the United States, Africa, and elsewhere. Mapp Biopharmaceutical produces ZMapp.