Conclusion
The research to date that examines the biological properties of ultrafine grained and nanostructured titanium has documented performance that is desirable for a range of biomedical applications. Bioassay techniques that have been applied are most useful within the context of a single study, but less helpful for making comparisons of results across multiple research investigations. This is due in part to the fact that we are still discovering which variables in biomaterials assessments need to be specified, measured, and controlled.
High throughput techniques will provide critical insight into understanding and optimizing the characteristics of the bulk and surfaces of nanostructured and ultrafine grain titanium. Unprecedented opportunities to improve our understanding of cell differentiation are offered by the ability to manipulate substrates at a nanoscale level coupled with the molecular-level characterization of cell response. Combining nanotechnology with the latest biotechnological techniques that facilitate our
understanding of osteogenesis will lead to the optimization of implant material design.
Acknowledgements
This project was partially supported by grants from the National Center for Research Resources (5P20RR016480-12) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (8 P20 GM103451-12)
from the National Institutes of Health. The authors also thank students M. Haber, P. Illescas, M. Glazier, and L. Sanchez for their help on the project, and the Carpenter Technology Corporation for supplying titanium.
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