"To say that ALL devices delivering electrostiumlation through the skin (transcutaneous) are identical is patently absurd."???
Uhhhh...no, it's not.
There are only TWO things that a TENS device can do.
One -- the current can trigger a muscle spasm in any fibers just deep to the electrode.
Two -- the current, if high enough, can generate heat that can trigger heat nociceptors.
The first causes the "twitch" that patients sometimes feel. The second may cause pain -- sometimes described as a "bee sting."
Those are ALL the physical effects that a TENS device can achieve. There are NO other. ALL TENS devices result in varying degrees in muscle twitches and/or burning pain.
You can call'em anything you like, but they are all fundamentally IDENTICAL and they ALL achieve fundamentally the SAME results.
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