baomike - Thanks immensely for the explanations. I’m new at this penny stock stuff (< 1 yr). IMO, if the seller (and/or company) keeps the money knowing that he/they were steeling it, they should be fined, forced to make restitution to the entities they stole it from, and then be sent immediately to jail. In no way should the sheriff (SEC) allow them to keep stolen money. I confess I do not know which (if not all) the companies identified on the link you sent me should be ID'd as risky. I also confess researching pump and dump companies hasn’t been top priority for me when D&Ding. I guess I should include P&D companies on my checklist if that is at all possible. But, I’m really having a hard time D&Ding penny stock strategies’ because I thought all penny stocks start by P&Ding and continue to do so periodically/strategically throughout their existence(which most of the time requires multiple splits and/or cussip changes), or until they generate revenue and move on to the major markets. Oh well, I’ll stop crying in my beer now and move on to managing my other penny stocks. Hope I can sell them before they start dumping – here goes! GLTA and trade well!