Amarantus Bioscience Holdings Inc (AMBS)

[PENNYS ToMILLIONS]

Ischemic Heart Disease is the most common cause of death in most Western countries, and a major cause of hospital admissions. There is limited evidence for population screening, but prevention is used both to prevent IHD and to decrease the risk of complications. Myocardial Infarctions are one of the leading causes of death for both men and women all over the world. Important risk factors are previous cardiovascular disease, older age, tobacco smoking, high blood levels of certain lipids and low levels of high density lipoprotein, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, chronic kidney disease, excessive alcohol consumption, and chronic high stress levels.

The common theme of the many forms of IHD, including myocardial infarction, that have been characterized is the pathway of apoptosis-related cell death associated with reperfusion related injuries. MANF has been shown to be robustly upregulated, and to protect heart muscle in reperfusion models of cardiac ischemia.