Monday, January 17, 2011 12:40:42 AM
Characteristics of IOCG systems
Most investigators agree that IOCG-related hydrothermal systems share certain
distinguishing features notably including (1) extensive alkali-rich alteration, (2)voluminous low-Ti magnetite and/or hematite, (3) a distinctive suite of minor elements
(REE, Co, Ag, ± U, P), and (4) prominent structural control (cf. Hitzman et al. 1992).
Coeval magmatism is a general, though perhaps not universal, adjunct. These features
and their geophysical signatures provide the basic footprints
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~mdbarton/MDB_papers_pdf/BartonJohnson04_IOCGfootprints.pdf
Unfortunately, no set of geologic features, apart from the abundance of Cu and Au
themselves, readily distinguishes economic Cu(-Au) systems (Olympic Dam or
Candelaria types) from large accumulations of magnetite or hematite that contain only
anomalous amounts of these metals plus (Kiruna type or barren ironstones). It remains
unsettled whether this contrast primarily reflects fundamental differences in the types
system or primarily the lack of efficient traps / metal sources. Indeed, all regions that
contain significant Cu(-Au) deposits also contain numerous "barren" Fe-oxide-rich
occurrences, thus, regardless of its meaning, this empirical association provides the
broadest signature for prospective regions.
Mineralization and time-space patterns: Economic mineralization is dominated by
paragenetically late chalcopyrite ± bornite and occurs within or near (but typically not
coextensive with) Fe-oxide accumulations. Distal and shallow mineralization is hematitedominated,
whereas
[color=red]Individual mineralized centers rarely extend more than a few km
across; yet mineralized regions can persist over regions 10s to 100s of km when defined
by the intermittent distribution of magnetite- or hematite-rich rocks. [/color]Both local and
regional mineralized zones correlate with major regional structural features (e.g., in
coastal Chile, NW Queensland, northern Sweden) and/or with volcano-plutonic structures(e.g., in South Australia, northern Mexico, SE Missouri).
Few districts have been thoroughly studied thus details of temporal and spatial
patterns of alteration, magmatism (where present), and mineralization remain poorly
constrained
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