Biocentric Energy Holdings, Inc. (BEHL)

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ALGAE 101 for newbees from an Italian bio-engineer.

Aquatic Biofuels: Can micro-algae and the waste from the fishing sector be part of the solution to the liquid fuel problem?

Have you ever asked yourself, how did all this oxygen ever become so abundant on planet Earth?
The reason is micro-algae, it is these tiny organisms that over billions of years absorbed all the CO2 from the atmosphere, storing the Carbon (C) and releasing the Oxygen (O2), allowing planet Earth to support life. Ironically that stored carbon is now about 2 km below the ground deposited in oil reserves.

But, what are micro-algae? Micro-algae are one of the most ancient organisms living on Earth and one of the tiniest plants which alone produce about 60 percent of the Earth’s oxygen. They have survived some of Earth’s harshest conditions for several billion years. They are incredibly robust, and in ideal cultivation conditions, algae produce protein and energy biomass from 30 to 100 times faster than land plants

There are many varieties of micro-algae, each species has a different proportion of lipids (fats), starches and proteins. Depending on this proportion the algae can be used to produce oil for bio-crude or if, the variant contains more carbohydrates and less oil it can be fermented to make ethanol or biogas. It is interesting to note however that some algae strains or variants contain up to 50 percent lipids making them very suitable for the production of liquid fuels.

How can these tiny organisms be part of the energy solution? There are 3 ways to grow and harvest micro-algae for mass production;

1.Photo Bio-Reactors (PBR) – Man made machines especially designed to grow algae in optimum conditions.

2.Open Pond System – Small lake where algae are grown in open air a moving paddle wheel is set in place to allow the algae to circulate.

3.Closed Pond System – Similar to small lake, with however a cover to protect it from contamination and extreme weather patterns.

For their growth and reproduction algae require 3 main ingredients;

1.Sunlight
2.Carbon Dioxide CO2
3.Water (fresh, sea, brackish, wastewater)

Sunlight gives the plant the energy to allow photosynthesis and to capture the CO2. The CO2 allows and ensures rapid growth of the algae cell and water (preferably waste-water) gives the plant its nutrients. Algae can reproduce once a day (or even more in some cases) which means a large cultivation can produce hundreds of tones of algae which could be harvested every day for fuel production. Once the organism has grown it needs to be dried and the oil needs to be pressed (very similar to the way olive oil is pressed from olives). The bio-crude produced can be refined into a bio-diesel suitable for any diesel engine. In the case of ethanol production the algae is fermented to allow the formation of ethanol.

Where can micro-algae grow? The most ideal location is to set up an algae farm is in temperate climates where the temperature is constantly above 18oC. Next to the plant you must have a large CO2 emitter (Coal fire plant, or even cement production facilities) with easy access to the CO2, this allows simple capture to take place and the CO2 to be pumped directly into the algae.

100 tonnes of micro-algae can sequester up to almost nd200 tonnes of CO2, once the CO2 is absorbed by plant the O2 (oxygen) is released and the carbon is trapped within the cell as lipids for fuel production. This process makes the entire algae fuel production carbon neutral.

Food for food and for fuel. Using fish waste from the fishing industry to produce bio-diesel is a very viable alternative. The use of animal waste and oil to produce biodiesel is not a new technology, but the adaptability of this technology to aquatic resources has only recently attracted public interest.

The process is relatively simple. The production of biodiesel starts with crushing the fish waste. This allows the solid parts to separate from the liquids. The solid waste is turned into fishmeal and the liquid which contains oil and water is put through a special machine which separates the water from the oil. The produced oil is mixed with methanol (roughly 20 percent) and caustic soda (in order to separate the glycerine (a by product) from the production process). The fuel is then purified and manganese is added, (a naturally occurring element in nature) it is then fit for engines. The by-product, glycerine, is sold to the cosmetic industry for the production of soap and other cosmetic goods.

Two main companies in the world deserve special mention and are leaders in fish-waste to bio-diesel production, these are Aquafinca (Honduras) and ENERFISH a joint venture between Finland’s VTT Technical Research Center, and a catfish farm in Viet Nam.

Aquafinca – Case Study
The fish farm located about 2 hours from San Pedro Sula (Honduras) is fully sustainable having the capacity to produce biodiesel from the 100 tonne daily production of tilapia a day (54 tonnes is the total waste produced). Fish scales are dried and sold separately to China for the production of gelatine. The company employs about 50 people from engineers to technicians and produces 6000 litres of bio-diesel a day, about 600 tonnes of glycerine and 10 tonnes of fishmeal.

The 54 tonnes of waste produced is divided up like this:
60 percent of the total biomass is water (32.4 tonnes)
20 percent (10.8 tonnes) is made into fishmeal.
The remaining 20 percent (10.8 tonnes)is used to make oil (about 10 tonnes) 5 of these tonnes are sold as pure fishoil the remaining 5 are made into biodiesel.

The downside? Your engine and vehicle will smell like fish

Producing bio-diesel from fish-waste reduces considerably both sulphur and CO2 emissions, because no fossil fuels are needed for the making, and it is totally organic matter.

Conclusions and future projections
Aquatic resources that produce clean energy may not be the total solution to the worlds
energy needs and demands, but they do offer a partial solution, a solution which is carbon neutral, and producing and using them has little or no impact on the environment. As a society we must slowly move away from our dependency on fossil fuels. We must look at local sustainable and clean alternatives and start producing energy locally. This will not only reduce costs but it will also help secure a cleaner environment, free from greenhouse gases. Fish waste can contribute to securing energy for small to large fishing villages, ships and vessels, and local communities, while ponds or bio-reactors can play a part in securing larger amounts of energy once the economic hurdles are overcome.

So what if we were to integrate an algae farm and a fish farm?
This would;

1.Sequester CO2 from a nearby plant feed it to the algae + waste water
2.Harvest the algae and extract upto 50 percent of its biomass into crude oil
3.Feed the left over biomass (rich in Omega3) to the fish-farm residing next to the algae pond
4.Fillet the fish
5.50 percent of the waste can be converted into fishmeal/fish oil + skin can be sold separately.
6.The fish oil can be converted into bio-diesel with a valuable by-product (glycerine)

With this Integrated Aquaculture Energy System we are addressing issues such as, global warming, CO2 sequestration, food security, Oil independence and production, valuable by-product production, and employment.

With this Integrated Aquaculture Energy System – IAES, we are addressing issues such as, global warming, CO2 sequestration, food security, oil independence and production, valuable by-product production, and employment.

Tony Piccolo (Aquatic Biofuel Specialist)
For more information on Tony’s work visit his website www.aquaticbiofuel.com or contact him directly at [e-mail]