Forex Education

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Basics of Futures Trading


What is a Futures Contract?
A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell in the future a specific quantity of a commodity at a specific price. Most futures contracts contemplate actual delivery of the commodity can take place to fulfill the contract. However, some futures contracts require cash settlement in lieu of delivery, and most contracts are liquidated before the delivery date. An option on a commodity futures contract gives the buyer of the option the right to convert the option into a futures contract. Futures and options must be executed on the floor of a commodity exchange—with very limited exceptions—and through persons and firms who are registered with the CFTC.

Who Uses Futures and Options Markets?
Most of the participants in the futures and option markets are commercial or institutional users of the commodities they trade. These users, most of whom are called "hedgers," want the value of their assets to increase and want to limit, if possible, any loss in value. Hedgers may use the commodity markets to take a position that will reduce the risk of financial loss in their assets due to a change in price. Other participants are "speculators" who hope to profit from changes in the price of the futures or option contract.

History of Futures Trading in the U.S.
Futures contracts for agricultural commodities have been traded in the U.S. for more than 100 years and have been under Federal regulation since the 1920s. In the last 20 years, futures trading has expanded rapidly into many new markets, beyond the domain of traditional physical and agricultural commodities. Futures and options now are offered on many energy commodities such as crude oil, gasoline heating, oil, and natural gas, as well as on a vast array of financial instruments, including foreign currencies, U.S. and foreign government securities, and U.S. and foreign stock indices. In recent years, new futures contracts have been offered in non-traditional commodity areas such as electricity, seafood, dairy products, crop yields, and weather derivatives. Significant Dates in CFTC History gives more information about the history of futures trading.

Contract Review and Market Surveillance
To ensure the financial and market integrity of the nation's futures markets, the CFTC reviews the terms and conditions of proposed futures and option contracts. Before an exchange lists a new futures or option contract for trading, it must certify that the contract complies with the requirements of the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) and the Commission’s regulations, including the requirement that the contract terms reflect commercial trading practices and that the contract not be readily susceptible to manipulation. The Commission conducts daily market surveillance and, in an emergency, can order an exchange to take specific action or to restore orderliness in any futures contract being traded.