Ruengies - here's the link I was remembering regarding the explanation of "pivotal trial" <A HREF="http://www.adisinsight.com/aClientServiceinfo/RDI%20Phases%20of%20Dev.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.adisinsight.com/aClientServiceinfo/RDI%20Phases%20of%20Dev.pdf</A> To be considered pivotal, a study must meet at least the following 4 FDA-defined criteria: Be controlled using placebo or a standard therapy. Have a double-blinded design when such a design is practical and ethical. Be randomized. Be of adequate size. Study sample size is a common clinical trial design flaw.