Preoperative chemotherapy may increase the likelihood of metastasis in breast cancer cases by increasing what are known as “tumor microenvironments of metastasis” When mice with breast cancer were given preoperative chemotherapy, it altered the tumor microenvironment in ways that made them more conducive to cancer spread In mice, chemotherapy treatment doubled the number of cancer cells in the bloodstream and lungs compared to mice that did not receive the treatment In 20 human patients who received common chemotherapy drugs, the tumor microenvironments also became more favorable to cancer spread
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