MannKind Corp. (MNKD)

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Well…plenty of other good things on the way!

Clofazimine, sold under the brand name Lamprene, is a medication used together with rifampicin and dapsone to treat leprosy. It is specifically used for multibacillary leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum.

Nintedanib, sold under the brand names Ofev and Vargatef, is an oral medication used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and along with other medications for some types of non-small-cell lung cancer.

Dornase alfa is used to reduce the number of lung infections and to improve lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFß) is a secreted cytokine, which intricately controls a plethora of physiological and pathological processes during development and carcinogenesis. TGFß exerts antiproliferative effects and functions as a tumor suppressor during early stages of tumorigenesis, whereas at later stages it functions as a tumor promoter aiding in metastatic progression through an autocrine TGFß loop. Intricate knowledge of TGFß signaling and its regulation are still evolving. In this review, we make an attempt to showcase the associated enigma of TGFß signaling in its dual functional role as tumor suppressor and metastatic promoter during early and late stages of carcinogenesis, respectively.