Dyadic International Inc (DYAI)

[tykundegex]

Sure.

Here is one: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK453027/

There is a long history of engineering glycosylation in mammalian cells, plants, fungi (yeast), and bacteria using genetic strategies, and many well-characterized glycosylation mutants are available. Today, cellular glycoengineering is used extensively to produce recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins that require glycosylation for their efficacy and at the same time must have human-compatible glycosylation to avoid immune responses to nonhuman glycans.

Three decades of glycogene discoveries have resulted in the identification of most genes encoding glycosyltransferases, hydrolases, and other enzymes involved in synthesizing and metabolizing the glycans of “higher” eukaryotic cells and the “rules” of the biosynthetic pathways involved

In principle, there is sufficient knowledge to predict the role of individual enzymes and assign them to specific pathways, allowing in silico prediction of the enzyme repertoire required to generate a particular glycan on a particular glycoconjugate.

Knockout of glycosylation genes to eliminate unwanted glycans [this is the method used by Dyadic with C1] has long been a simple task in bacteria and yeast. Although powerful, knockout or knockin strategies have been time consuming and difficult to use in “higher” eukaryotic cells (consider the Fut8 knockout in CHO cells described below), these difficulties were substantially reduced with the introduction of nuclease-based precise gene editing tools including zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator–like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/targeted Cas9 endonuclease (CRISPR/Cas9), which enable highly specific gene manipulation in all cell types (Figure 56.2; Chapters 27 and 49). Importantly, these tools are not limited to gene knockout or knockin but can also be used to activate endogenous silent genes, edit gene sequences to mimic hypomorphic disease mutations, and insert foreign genes at specific genomic sites.