COMPLETE ARTICLE FROM WSJ Are Using Your DNA To Make New Medicine
Partnership between Glaxo and 23andMe has produced six potential drug targets but raises ethical questions
23andMe’s booth at the RootsTech trade show in Salt Lake City, Utah, earlier this year. PHOTO: GEORGE FREY/REUTERS
By Denise Roland
July 22, 2019
Genetic test-kit company 23andMe Inc. has for years used saliva to tell millions of consumers how closely related they are to Neanderthals or whether they are likely to develop diseases like diabetes or Alzheimer’s. Now, it’s fulfilling a bigger ambition: drug development.
For the past year, 23andMe has been sharing its huge trove of genetic data with drug giant GlaxoSmithKline PLC, which took a $300 million stake last summer. That collaboration has so far produced six potential drug targets, and the companies expect to start human trials on at least one candidate drug next year. But it also raises ethical questions about using people’s genetic data to create profitable drugs.
For 23andMe, using genetic data for drug research “was always part of the vision,” according to Emily Drabant Conley, head of business development. Since its founding in 2006, the company has amassed a huge collection of data from the millions of people who have submitted spit samples—and up to $199 each—in return for insights on their genes. The company says it has sold around 10 million test kits and analyzed more than eight million people’s DNA, making it the largest repository of human genetic information in the world.
That information is especially valuable to drugmakers because the majority of 23andMe’s customers also choose to answer questionnaires on their health. Analyzing millions of people’s genetics alongside data on their overall health provides clues on the interplay between genetics and particular ailments, creating potentially fruitful avenues for drug discovery.
For Glaxo, the 23andMe deal is part of a wider effort to use genomic data to hunt for new drugs. The company also is involved in research projects with government-funded genome collections in the U.K. and Finland. It hopes that genomics could help solve a problem that plagues the pharmaceutical industry: a high failure rate in turning promising leads into drugs that work.
“The industry is in a very inefficient place right now,” said John Lepore, who heads early-stage research at Glaxo. “We’re spending tens of billions, but the number of new medicines turning out is not high.” The British company estimates that drugs based on genetic information are twice as likely to succeed in clinical trials as those that aren’t.
DNA Match
Several pharmaceutical companies have partnered with genetic databases to aid their drug-discovery efforts.
Selected genetic databases
and their industry partners
23andMe
8 million
individuals
AbbVie
Alnylam
Amgen
deCODE
Genetics*
1.6 million
AstraZeneca
Biogen
UK
Biobank
500,000
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Celgene
Genentech†
Geisinger
250,000‡
GlaxoSmithKline
Merck & Co
Pfizer
FinnGen
146,630
Regeneron
Sanofi
Mayo
Clinic
100,000‡
Takeda
*Amgen owns deCODE †Part of Roche ‡Target
Source: the companies
Others are making similar bets. Amgen Inc. bought deCODE Genetics, which started out as an initiative to gather genetic data from the Icelandic population, to help it hunt for potential drug targets. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. is working with dozens of hospitals and research groups seeking clues to the genetic causes of disease.
23andMe has long wanted to use genetic data for drug development. Initially, it shared its data with drugmakers including Pfizer Inc. and Roche Holding AG ’s Genentech but wasn’t involved in subsequent drug discovery. It later set up its own research unit but found it lacked the scale required to build a pipeline of medicines. Its partnership with Glaxo is now accelerating those efforts.
Glaxo expects the collaboration to accelerate the costly and arduous process of finding patients to join clinical trials. Typically, drugmakers rely on advertisements and doctors to spread the word about trials, and not all patients who express an interest are eligible.
One of Glaxo and 23andMe’s targets is a rare mutation in a gene called LRRK2 that raises the risk of developing Parkinson’s. Around one in a thousand people are carriers, which would make them very difficult to find using traditional trial-recruitment tactics. 23andMe has contact details for 7,500 carriers it can invite to participate.
Dr. Lepore estimates that could shave “months, if not years” off the trial-recruitment process.
A 23andMe DNA kit. PHOTO: GEORGE FREY/REUTERS
23andMe asks customers to consent to their genetic information being used for research purposes, and the firm says 80% say yes.
Still, some critics say it isn’t ethical for 23andMe to profit from a database built from the genetic data of paying customers.
“You get this gigantic valuable treasure chest, and people are going to wind up paying for it twice,” said Arthur Caplan, a professor of bioethics at NYU School of Medicine. “All the people who sent in DNA will be paying the same price for any drugs that are developed as anybody else.”
A 23andMe spokesman said its customers are making an informed choice to allow their genetic information to be used in research. The company says it only shares high-level summaries of its data with Glaxo, but the partnership highlights a broader privacy concern: that 23andMe’s customers may not have realized their data would be used by the pharmaceutical industry.
“Consumers really need to think about what they’re getting into,” said Richard Forno, assistant director of the Center for Cybersecurity at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. “Where’s that data going, and who’s getting it?”
A 23andMe spokesman said customers are sent letters informing them about for-profit collaborations, and that they have the option of withdrawing consent for that research.
For some, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Reni Winter-Evans, 64, sent her saliva to 23andMe last year, after a client told her that her missing sense of smell could be an early sign of Parkinson’s. The results revealed she carried the LRRK2 mutation. She subsequently got diagnosed with prodromal Parkinson’s, which means the disease can be detected in her brain but hasn’t yet seriously affected her movement.
Ms. Winter-Evans said she would be an eager participant in a clinical trial targeting LRRK2. “The importance of finding a cure far outweighs my illusion of privacy,” she said.
Corrections & Amplifications
23andMe has analyzed the DNA of more than eight million people. An earlier version of this article and an accompanying graphic incorrectly said the company has analyzed the DNA of more than five million people. In addition, GlaxoSmithKline is among the drug makers working with UK Biobank. An earlier version of the graphic didn’t show that connection. (July 23, 2019)
Write to Denise Roland at Denise.Roland@wsj.com
