QS Energy Inc (QSEP)

[Myrka]

I agree, increase flow will not occur with just one AOT on a pipeline equipped with several pumping stations.

But one AOT could reduce the head loss in a difficult stretch of a pipeline.

Head Loss in pipelines

If you want to move something, there will be resistance. To move a given volume of liquid through a pipeline requires a certain amount of energy. An energy or pressure difference must exist to cause the liquid to move. A portion of that energy is lost to the resistance to flow. This resistance to flow is called head loss due to friction.

1) One form of resistance to flow is due to the viscosity of the liquid. We all know what that is.

2) The roughness of the pipeline wall may vary. As the roughness of the inside pipeline wall increases so does the thickness of the slow or non-moving boundary layer of liquid. The resulting reduction in flow area increases the velocity of the liquid and increases the head loss due to friction. The head loss is related to the square of the velocity so the increase in loss is very quick. This would be a difficult stretch of pipeline.

3) Straightness of the pipeline can affect the head loss. Because of momentum, liquid wants to travel in a straight line. If it is disturbed due to a bend in the pipeline, the liquid will bounce off of the pipeline walls and the head loss due to friction will increase. This would be a difficult stretch of pipeline.