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Friday, August 31, 2018 3:54:37 AM
Miami Will Be Underwater Soon. Its Drinking Water Could Go First
"What Earth would look like if all ice melted"
The city has another serious water problem.
A rock lake at the edge of Miami-Dade County. Photographer: Anastasia Samoylova for Bloomberg Businessweek
By Christopher Flavelle
August 29, 2018, 7:00 PM GMT+10
One morning in June, Douglas Yoder climbed into a white government SUV on the edge of Miami and headed northwest, away from the glittering coastline and into the maze of water infrastructure that makes this city possible. He drove past drainage canals that sever backyards and industrial lots, ancient water-treatment plants peeking out from behind run-down bungalows, and immense rectangular pools tracing the outlines of limestone quarries. Finally, he reached a locked gate at the edge of the Everglades. Once through, he pointed out the row of 15 wells that make up the Northwest Wellfield, Miami-Dade County’s clean water source of last resort.
Yoder, 71, is deputy director of the county’s water and sewer department; his job is to think about how to defend the county’s fresh drinking water against the effects of climate change. A large man with an ambling gait, Yoder exudes the calm of somebody who’s lived with bad news for a long time.
“We have a very delicate balance in a highly managed system,” he said in his rumbly voice. “That balance is very likely to get upset by sea-level rise.” What nobody knows is when that will happen, or what happens next.
From ground level, greater Miami looks like any American megacity—a mostly dry expanse of buildings, roads, and lawns, sprinkled with the occasional canal or ornamental lake. But from above, the proportions of water and land are reversed. The glimmering metropolis between Biscayne Bay and the Everglades reveals itself to be a thin lattice of earth and concrete laid across a puddle that never stops forming. Water seeps up through the gravel under construction sites, nibbles at the edges of fresh subdivisions, and shimmers through the cracks and in-between places of the city above it.
Miami-Dade is built on the Biscayne Aquifer, 4,000?square miles of unusually shallow and porous limestone whose tiny air pockets are filled with rainwater and rivers running from the swamp to the ocean. The aquifer and the infrastructure that draws from it, cleans its water, and keeps it from overrunning the city combine to form a giant but fragile machine. Without this abundant source of fresh water, made cheap by its proximity to the surface, this hot, remote city could become uninhabitable.
[...]
One of Miami-Dade’s many canals, which the county relies on to drain its flat surface when it rains. Yoder
calls the canals “probably the most complex” water management system in the world.
Photographer: Anastasia Samoylova for Bloomberg Businessweek
Climate change is slowly pulling that machine apart. Barring a stupendous reversal in greenhouse gas emissions, the rising Atlantic will cover much of Miami by the end of this century. The economic effects will be devastating: Zillow Inc. estimates that six feet of sea-level rise would put a quarter of Miami’s homes underwater, rendering $200 billion of real estate worthless. But global warming poses a more immediate danger: The permeability that makes the aquifer so easily accessible also makes it vulnerable. “It’s very easy to contaminate our aquifer,” says Rachel Silverstein, executive director of Miami Waterkeeper, a local environmental protection group. And the consequences could be sweeping. “Drinking water supply is always an existential question.”
County officials agree with her. “The minute the world thinks your water supply is in danger, you’ve got a problem,” says James Murley, chief resilience officer for Miami-Dade, although he adds that the county’s water system remains “one of the best” in the U.S. The questions hanging over Miami and the rest of Southeast Florida are how long it can keep its water safe, and at what cost. As the region struggles with more visible climate problems, including increasingly frequent flooding and this summer’s toxic algae blooms, the risks to the aquifer grow, and they’re all the more insidious for being out of sight. If Miami-Dade can’t protect its water supply, whether it can handle the other manifestations of climate change won’t matter.
The threats to the Biscayne Aquifer are unfolding simultaneously, but from different directions and at different speeds. In that way, Miami’s predicament is at once unique and typical: Climate change probes a city’s weaknesses much as standing water finds cracks in the foundation of a house.
[...]
In 2008 the Florida legislature passed a law dictating that the state’s water utilities stop discharging sewage into the ocean by 2025; complying with that timeline could cost as much as $5?billion, Yoder says. Then, in 2013, Miami-Dade entered into an agreement with the EPA, which had found the county unlawfully discharged more than 28 million gallons of untreated wastewater into Biscayne Bay. The county promised to upgrade its wastewater collection and treatment facilities at a cost of $1.6?billion.
In its latest capital budget, Yoder’s department estimated that $13.5 billion would be required for these and other future infrastructure projects, of which $9.5 billion would be funded by bonds. But last November, Moody’s Corp. warned that the county’s creditworthiness depends on “future annual rate increases to meet escalating debt service requirements”—saying, in effect, that the county’s elected officials who must approve rate increases had better be willing to accept the political pain associated with ratcheting up their voters’ water bills. If not, the county’s credit rating could fall, necessitating higher interest payments on its bonds—and even higher water bills to cover them.
The county’s crush of climate-related spending requirements goes beyond protecting drinking water. Add to that the cost of pumps and sea walls as rising seas turn the area’s gravity-reliant drainage canals back on themselves. “Anything that this county relies on that is gravity-based is in jeopardy with sea-level rise,” says Wilbur Mayorga, head of environmental monitoring and restoration at the county’s Department of Environmental Resources Management. “We’ve been lucky all this time. The time will come that it may not be so easy.”
Spending on that scale is hard for any county to manage on its own. The challenge is greater here: Despite pockets of extreme wealth—one study estimated that the Miami metro area has the nation’s eighth-highest number of millionaires—the county overall is poor. Its median household income of $44,224 is almost one-quarter lower than that of the country as a whole.
[...]
Asked if the state would help Miami-Dade protect its drinking water from climate change, Governor Rick Scott’s office directed questions to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, which said in a statement that it “continues to work to protect the resiliency of our coastal ecosystems and shoreline communities.” But José Javier Rodríguez, a Democrat who represents Miami in Florida’s Republican-held senate, says his city is unlikely to get bailed out by the state. It’s not a question of believing in science. “The massive political and institutional resistance to taking action, in my view, is not largely ideological,” he says. “It’s not largely even political. It’s a question of being intimidated by the price tag.” As the low-tax state struggles against a revolt among school districts protesting meager budget increases and a $28 million prison funding deficit, there’s no appetite for funding the solutions to future crises, even when the future is almost here.
The obvious solutions would cause problems of their own. Why not stop mining near the wellfields, for instance? Because the limestone from those mines goes into the concrete used to construct sea walls and build higher off the ground around Florida’s coast. There’s little disagreement about the need to get rid of the septic tanks, but which homes get help first? If a coastal neighborhood will have to be abandoned anyway, is it worth spending money on new sewers?
[...]
“People will hang on with their fingernails to keep what they’ve got,” Stoddard says. “But who’s going to move here? And that’s what’s going to kill us.”
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-08-29/miami-s-other-water-problem
Three videos from "What Earth would look like if all ice melted" (back one click).. the first ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbiRNT_gWUQ
Watch Miami appear at 1:56. .. the bottom two ..
Naomi Oreskes: Merchants of Doubt
Published on Oct 7, 2013 by Rotman Institute of Philosophy [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQG_Ng3wm_Li-T8ngO3kjBA / http://www.youtube.com/user/rotmanphilosophy , http://www.youtube.com/user/rotmanphilosophy/videos ]
On vital issues such as genetically-modified foods and climate change, having correct scientific knowledge is vital for making good public policy. How does philosophy help us understand science? How strong is the scientific consensus about climate change, and the effects our species has on it? Naomi Oreskes, co-author of the award-winning book Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming, has studied the climate change debate as a historian and philosopher, and will explore the above questions, and more. Oreskes courageous work to expose deliberate attempts to sow confusion and doubt about important issues, such as climate change, is not based in rhetoric, as it is with some of the 'merchants of doubt' she writes about, but on looking at science using philosophical techniques.
See more at:
http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/merchants-of-doubt-science-and-reality-conference/
http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/naomi-oreskes-talk-now-online/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgKAetJwZjc [with comment]
--
Earth Under Water - Worldwide Flooding | Sea Level Rise (SLR)
Published on Aug 8, 2013 by ClimateState
Earth Under Water – Worldwide Flooding | National Geographic (2010) [ http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episodes/earth-under-water/ , http://shop.nationalgeographic.com/ngs/product/dvds/animals-and-nature/nature-and-environment/earth-under-water-dvd-r ]
Miami, New Orleans and New York City completely under water it’s a very real possibility if sea levels continue to rise. In Earth Under Water we’ll see these events unfold as leading experts forecast how mankind will be impacted if global warming continues.
They’ll break down the science behind these predictions and explore ways humanity could adapt, including engineering vast dams near San Francisco, or building floating cities outside of New York.
http://climatestate.com/2013/08/09/earth-under-water-worldwide-flooding-global-warming-national-geographic-documentary/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baGrtqyWSRM [with comments] [also at e.g. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obAC-85f_QE (with comments)] [(a copy of the) BBC version at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmcxFmJnNK8 (with comments)]
--
Doubts over Sydney’s desalination plant as storage levels plunge
Sydney’s desalination plant after a storm hit in 2015. Picture: Chris Pavlich.
By Elias Visontay
12:00AM August 14, 2018
A drought-induced “free fall’’ in Sydney’s water-storage levels could force the activation of the city’s desalination plant within weeks, but there are concerns it may not be ready in time.
The desalination plant will be activated for the first time when the city’s water storage falls below 60 per cent. With current levels at 66 per cent, experts predict this threshold could be crossed in as little as 10 weeks if there is no substantial rain.
If the dry conditions continue, the city could be just months away from its first water restrictions in nine years, which take effect when levels fall below 50 per cent.
Level 1 water restrictions include limits on the use of sprinklers, the times of day garden hoses may be used, the use of hoses when washing vehicles and hard surfaces, and topping up swimming pools.
“The outlook for August to October shows high chances of warmer and drier conditions over the Sydney region,” said Simon Grainger, a Bureau of Meteorology climatologist.
“August in particular has a greater than 80 per cent chance of warmer days for much of the southern and eastern parts of the country.”
The desalination plant costs about $195 million a year to be maintained, despite not having contributed to the city’s water supply. That translates to about $85 in costs a year to each household, even though it is dormant, according to a 2017 report by the independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal in NSW. If the plant were to be used, it would cost consumers $130.
Dry conditions have storage levels under pressure across the country. In Melbourne levels are at 59 per cent, Adelaide is at 56 per cent and Perth is at 48 per cent.
Ian Wright, a lecturer in environmental science at Western Sydney University and a former water scientist at Sydney Water, said the dry conditions meant the amount of water people were using would need to be examined.
He said the current 300 litres of water an average Australian uses each day was “unsustainable”. The figure needed to be reduced to between 200 to 250 litres to ensure longevity of water supply, he said.
The Sydney desalination plant had the capacity to contribute about 15 per cent of the city’s daily water needs, Mr Wright said, a figure that paled in comparison to Perth’s, where more than half the city’s water is sourced from desalination and recycling.
In Brisbane and Melbourne, desalination facilities operate every year, feeding into a “water grid”, with surplus water sent to regional basins.
“Sydney is facing a steep downhill slope,” Mr Wright said.
Given the rate of the recent decline in dam levels, Mr Wright called for the desalination plant to kick in earlier.
“Water is the lifeblood of a city. It’s not like the internet going down,” he said, warning that levels could drop below 60 per cent by November, and be at 50 per cent by February.
The concerns over whether the Sydney desalination plant, at Kurnell in the city’s south, will be ready have been sparked by storm damage in December 2015. Repairs to fix the facility were marred by a dispute between the private operator and its insurer. “It’s certainly not ready today,” NSW Labor water spokesman Chris Minns said. Speaking of the uncertainty surrounding the facility, Mr Minns said: “If I was in government I’d be screaming to find out.”
Sydney Desalination Plant, the private operator of the facility, did not respond to questions regarding the status of the site. A spokeswoman for Energy and Utilities Minister Don Harwin was unable to confirm whether the site was ready to operate.
https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/doubts-over-sydneys-desalination-plant-as-storage-levels-plunge/news-story/3f30faa77d7a4ae7a0495b3fd3f39a59
"What Earth would look like if all ice melted"
The city has another serious water problem.
A rock lake at the edge of Miami-Dade County. Photographer: Anastasia Samoylova for Bloomberg Businessweek
By Christopher Flavelle
August 29, 2018, 7:00 PM GMT+10
One morning in June, Douglas Yoder climbed into a white government SUV on the edge of Miami and headed northwest, away from the glittering coastline and into the maze of water infrastructure that makes this city possible. He drove past drainage canals that sever backyards and industrial lots, ancient water-treatment plants peeking out from behind run-down bungalows, and immense rectangular pools tracing the outlines of limestone quarries. Finally, he reached a locked gate at the edge of the Everglades. Once through, he pointed out the row of 15 wells that make up the Northwest Wellfield, Miami-Dade County’s clean water source of last resort.
Yoder, 71, is deputy director of the county’s water and sewer department; his job is to think about how to defend the county’s fresh drinking water against the effects of climate change. A large man with an ambling gait, Yoder exudes the calm of somebody who’s lived with bad news for a long time.
“We have a very delicate balance in a highly managed system,” he said in his rumbly voice. “That balance is very likely to get upset by sea-level rise.” What nobody knows is when that will happen, or what happens next.
From ground level, greater Miami looks like any American megacity—a mostly dry expanse of buildings, roads, and lawns, sprinkled with the occasional canal or ornamental lake. But from above, the proportions of water and land are reversed. The glimmering metropolis between Biscayne Bay and the Everglades reveals itself to be a thin lattice of earth and concrete laid across a puddle that never stops forming. Water seeps up through the gravel under construction sites, nibbles at the edges of fresh subdivisions, and shimmers through the cracks and in-between places of the city above it.
Miami-Dade is built on the Biscayne Aquifer, 4,000?square miles of unusually shallow and porous limestone whose tiny air pockets are filled with rainwater and rivers running from the swamp to the ocean. The aquifer and the infrastructure that draws from it, cleans its water, and keeps it from overrunning the city combine to form a giant but fragile machine. Without this abundant source of fresh water, made cheap by its proximity to the surface, this hot, remote city could become uninhabitable.
[...]
One of Miami-Dade’s many canals, which the county relies on to drain its flat surface when it rains. Yoder
calls the canals “probably the most complex” water management system in the world.
Photographer: Anastasia Samoylova for Bloomberg Businessweek
Climate change is slowly pulling that machine apart. Barring a stupendous reversal in greenhouse gas emissions, the rising Atlantic will cover much of Miami by the end of this century. The economic effects will be devastating: Zillow Inc. estimates that six feet of sea-level rise would put a quarter of Miami’s homes underwater, rendering $200 billion of real estate worthless. But global warming poses a more immediate danger: The permeability that makes the aquifer so easily accessible also makes it vulnerable. “It’s very easy to contaminate our aquifer,” says Rachel Silverstein, executive director of Miami Waterkeeper, a local environmental protection group. And the consequences could be sweeping. “Drinking water supply is always an existential question.”
County officials agree with her. “The minute the world thinks your water supply is in danger, you’ve got a problem,” says James Murley, chief resilience officer for Miami-Dade, although he adds that the county’s water system remains “one of the best” in the U.S. The questions hanging over Miami and the rest of Southeast Florida are how long it can keep its water safe, and at what cost. As the region struggles with more visible climate problems, including increasingly frequent flooding and this summer’s toxic algae blooms, the risks to the aquifer grow, and they’re all the more insidious for being out of sight. If Miami-Dade can’t protect its water supply, whether it can handle the other manifestations of climate change won’t matter.
The threats to the Biscayne Aquifer are unfolding simultaneously, but from different directions and at different speeds. In that way, Miami’s predicament is at once unique and typical: Climate change probes a city’s weaknesses much as standing water finds cracks in the foundation of a house.
[...]
In 2008 the Florida legislature passed a law dictating that the state’s water utilities stop discharging sewage into the ocean by 2025; complying with that timeline could cost as much as $5?billion, Yoder says. Then, in 2013, Miami-Dade entered into an agreement with the EPA, which had found the county unlawfully discharged more than 28 million gallons of untreated wastewater into Biscayne Bay. The county promised to upgrade its wastewater collection and treatment facilities at a cost of $1.6?billion.
In its latest capital budget, Yoder’s department estimated that $13.5 billion would be required for these and other future infrastructure projects, of which $9.5 billion would be funded by bonds. But last November, Moody’s Corp. warned that the county’s creditworthiness depends on “future annual rate increases to meet escalating debt service requirements”—saying, in effect, that the county’s elected officials who must approve rate increases had better be willing to accept the political pain associated with ratcheting up their voters’ water bills. If not, the county’s credit rating could fall, necessitating higher interest payments on its bonds—and even higher water bills to cover them.
The county’s crush of climate-related spending requirements goes beyond protecting drinking water. Add to that the cost of pumps and sea walls as rising seas turn the area’s gravity-reliant drainage canals back on themselves. “Anything that this county relies on that is gravity-based is in jeopardy with sea-level rise,” says Wilbur Mayorga, head of environmental monitoring and restoration at the county’s Department of Environmental Resources Management. “We’ve been lucky all this time. The time will come that it may not be so easy.”
Spending on that scale is hard for any county to manage on its own. The challenge is greater here: Despite pockets of extreme wealth—one study estimated that the Miami metro area has the nation’s eighth-highest number of millionaires—the county overall is poor. Its median household income of $44,224 is almost one-quarter lower than that of the country as a whole.
[...]
Asked if the state would help Miami-Dade protect its drinking water from climate change, Governor Rick Scott’s office directed questions to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, which said in a statement that it “continues to work to protect the resiliency of our coastal ecosystems and shoreline communities.” But José Javier Rodríguez, a Democrat who represents Miami in Florida’s Republican-held senate, says his city is unlikely to get bailed out by the state. It’s not a question of believing in science. “The massive political and institutional resistance to taking action, in my view, is not largely ideological,” he says. “It’s not largely even political. It’s a question of being intimidated by the price tag.” As the low-tax state struggles against a revolt among school districts protesting meager budget increases and a $28 million prison funding deficit, there’s no appetite for funding the solutions to future crises, even when the future is almost here.
The obvious solutions would cause problems of their own. Why not stop mining near the wellfields, for instance? Because the limestone from those mines goes into the concrete used to construct sea walls and build higher off the ground around Florida’s coast. There’s little disagreement about the need to get rid of the septic tanks, but which homes get help first? If a coastal neighborhood will have to be abandoned anyway, is it worth spending money on new sewers?
[...]
“People will hang on with their fingernails to keep what they’ve got,” Stoddard says. “But who’s going to move here? And that’s what’s going to kill us.”
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-08-29/miami-s-other-water-problem
Three videos from "What Earth would look like if all ice melted" (back one click).. the first ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbiRNT_gWUQ
Watch Miami appear at 1:56. .. the bottom two ..
Naomi Oreskes: Merchants of Doubt
Published on Oct 7, 2013 by Rotman Institute of Philosophy [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQG_Ng3wm_Li-T8ngO3kjBA / http://www.youtube.com/user/rotmanphilosophy , http://www.youtube.com/user/rotmanphilosophy/videos ]
On vital issues such as genetically-modified foods and climate change, having correct scientific knowledge is vital for making good public policy. How does philosophy help us understand science? How strong is the scientific consensus about climate change, and the effects our species has on it? Naomi Oreskes, co-author of the award-winning book Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming, has studied the climate change debate as a historian and philosopher, and will explore the above questions, and more. Oreskes courageous work to expose deliberate attempts to sow confusion and doubt about important issues, such as climate change, is not based in rhetoric, as it is with some of the 'merchants of doubt' she writes about, but on looking at science using philosophical techniques.
See more at:
http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/merchants-of-doubt-science-and-reality-conference/
http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/naomi-oreskes-talk-now-online/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgKAetJwZjc [with comment]
--
Earth Under Water - Worldwide Flooding | Sea Level Rise (SLR)
Published on Aug 8, 2013 by ClimateState
Earth Under Water – Worldwide Flooding | National Geographic (2010) [ http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episodes/earth-under-water/ , http://shop.nationalgeographic.com/ngs/product/dvds/animals-and-nature/nature-and-environment/earth-under-water-dvd-r ]
Miami, New Orleans and New York City completely under water it’s a very real possibility if sea levels continue to rise. In Earth Under Water we’ll see these events unfold as leading experts forecast how mankind will be impacted if global warming continues.
They’ll break down the science behind these predictions and explore ways humanity could adapt, including engineering vast dams near San Francisco, or building floating cities outside of New York.
http://climatestate.com/2013/08/09/earth-under-water-worldwide-flooding-global-warming-national-geographic-documentary/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baGrtqyWSRM [with comments] [also at e.g. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obAC-85f_QE (with comments)] [(a copy of the) BBC version at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmcxFmJnNK8 (with comments)]
--
Doubts over Sydney’s desalination plant as storage levels plunge
Sydney’s desalination plant after a storm hit in 2015. Picture: Chris Pavlich.
By Elias Visontay
12:00AM August 14, 2018
A drought-induced “free fall’’ in Sydney’s water-storage levels could force the activation of the city’s desalination plant within weeks, but there are concerns it may not be ready in time.
The desalination plant will be activated for the first time when the city’s water storage falls below 60 per cent. With current levels at 66 per cent, experts predict this threshold could be crossed in as little as 10 weeks if there is no substantial rain.
If the dry conditions continue, the city could be just months away from its first water restrictions in nine years, which take effect when levels fall below 50 per cent.
Level 1 water restrictions include limits on the use of sprinklers, the times of day garden hoses may be used, the use of hoses when washing vehicles and hard surfaces, and topping up swimming pools.
“The outlook for August to October shows high chances of warmer and drier conditions over the Sydney region,” said Simon Grainger, a Bureau of Meteorology climatologist.
“August in particular has a greater than 80 per cent chance of warmer days for much of the southern and eastern parts of the country.”
The desalination plant costs about $195 million a year to be maintained, despite not having contributed to the city’s water supply. That translates to about $85 in costs a year to each household, even though it is dormant, according to a 2017 report by the independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal in NSW. If the plant were to be used, it would cost consumers $130.
Dry conditions have storage levels under pressure across the country. In Melbourne levels are at 59 per cent, Adelaide is at 56 per cent and Perth is at 48 per cent.
Ian Wright, a lecturer in environmental science at Western Sydney University and a former water scientist at Sydney Water, said the dry conditions meant the amount of water people were using would need to be examined.
He said the current 300 litres of water an average Australian uses each day was “unsustainable”. The figure needed to be reduced to between 200 to 250 litres to ensure longevity of water supply, he said.
The Sydney desalination plant had the capacity to contribute about 15 per cent of the city’s daily water needs, Mr Wright said, a figure that paled in comparison to Perth’s, where more than half the city’s water is sourced from desalination and recycling.
In Brisbane and Melbourne, desalination facilities operate every year, feeding into a “water grid”, with surplus water sent to regional basins.
“Sydney is facing a steep downhill slope,” Mr Wright said.
Given the rate of the recent decline in dam levels, Mr Wright called for the desalination plant to kick in earlier.
“Water is the lifeblood of a city. It’s not like the internet going down,” he said, warning that levels could drop below 60 per cent by November, and be at 50 per cent by February.
The concerns over whether the Sydney desalination plant, at Kurnell in the city’s south, will be ready have been sparked by storm damage in December 2015. Repairs to fix the facility were marred by a dispute between the private operator and its insurer. “It’s certainly not ready today,” NSW Labor water spokesman Chris Minns said. Speaking of the uncertainty surrounding the facility, Mr Minns said: “If I was in government I’d be screaming to find out.”
Sydney Desalination Plant, the private operator of the facility, did not respond to questions regarding the status of the site. A spokeswoman for Energy and Utilities Minister Don Harwin was unable to confirm whether the site was ready to operate.
https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/doubts-over-sydneys-desalination-plant-as-storage-levels-plunge/news-story/3f30faa77d7a4ae7a0495b3fd3f39a59
It was Plato who said, “He, O men, is the wisest, who like Socrates, knows that his wisdom is in truth worth nothing”
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