For example, the claim that the Rotapower engine was able to produce 3 HP/lb. This might very well be real. However, the claim has never stated what impact the necessary changes had on the reliability of the engine.
For example, the engines in dragsters are (heavily) modified passenger car engines that can produce several times as much power as the originals. The drawback is that at full power, the time between engine rebuilds can literally be measured in seconds.
A more familiar example to me personally is electric motors. When I was in High School, we used to mess around with 12 volt motors and a variable power supply, gradually turning up the voltage to see how long the motor would last. They could get up past 100 volts, but the would only run at this level for a minute or so.