Ayala Pharmaceuticals Inc (ADXS)

[NY1972]

Short peptides(SP) v. long peptides(frameshift)

Vaccination with HLA class I-restricted SP alone does not always elicit a sufficient immune response to induce effective antitumor immunity. One of the causes for this ineffectiveness of SP-based cancer vaccines is considered to be the induction of immunological tolerance in CD8+ T cells. SP can induce tolerance or anergy of CD8+ T cells when they are presented by HLA class I molecules expressed on non-professional APC because of the lack of signaling from costimulatory molecules, whereas an extended LP encompassing several epitopes recognized by both CTL and T-helper cells may overcome this problem because LP cannot bind directly to HLA class I molecules expressed on non-professional APC because of their long amino acid sequence. After injection of an LP, professional APC, such as DC, take up the LP, process it, then present CTL and T-helper cell epitopes in the context of HLA class I and HLA class II molecules, respectively

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5834812/