Speaking of modafinil, here's an SFN paper from Dr. Deadwyler showing the different areas of the brain affected by CX-717 vrs modafinil -
>>> Program#/Poster#: 573.5/LL83
Title: Evidence for the differential effects of modafinil and the ampakine CX717 on task-related brain glucose metabolism in sleep-deprived monkeys
Location: Georgia World Congress Center: Halls B3-B5
Presentation Start/End Time: Tuesday, Oct 17, 2006, 8:00 AM - 9:00 AM
Authors: *S. A. DEADWYLER, L. J. PORRINO, J. B. DAUNAIS, M. MILLER, C. A. HANLON, A. R. MORGAN, K. E. GILL, J. LONG, S. RAMIREZ, M. TODD, R. E. HAMPSON;
Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Wake Forest Univ Sch Med, Winston-Salem, NC.
The effects of modafinil were compared with the prior published results (Porrino et al. PLoS:Biology 3:e299 2005) showing that the ampakine CX717 (Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) reversed the detrimental influence of 30-36 hrs of sleep deprivation in monkeys performing a delayed-match-to-sample (DMS) task. Modafinil was tested at three different dose levels (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) in alert monkeys (n =5), and then at 15 mg/kg in sleep deprived animals while performing the DMS task. PET scans of cerebral glucose metabolism were obtained with 18[F]-fluorodeoxyglucose injections during test sessions with the same monkeys. Sleep deprivation decreased DMS performance in monkeys by 17-24%; modafinil alleviated the deficit in these same conditions by 10-15% (F(1,64)=16.4, p<0.001) whereas CX717 reversed the deficit by improving DMS performance by 20-29%. As reported previously, PET scans in sleep-deprived animals performing the task showed a decrease in brain glucose utilization in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal striatum (STR) and thalamus (THAL), and increased utilization in the medial temporal lobe (MTL; including hippocampus). Modafinil significantly reversed glucose utilization changes in PFC and THAL produced by sleep deprivation, but not in STR or MTL. These effects were different from CX717, which reversed sleep deprived changes in PFC and MTL but not THAL. This reversal of sleep deprivation changes in cerebral metabolism in PFC and THAL but not MTL by modafinil may account for the incomplete reversal of the behavioral deficits in comparison to CX717. However, reversal of decreased metabolism in THAL was specific to modafinil and did not occur with CX717 or other stimulants tested (amphetamine and caffeine). The findings indicate that there are different brain processes targeted by drugs that can reverse the effects of sleep deprivation. <<<
