![](http://investorshub.advfn.com/images/default_ih_profile2_4848.jpg?cb=0)
Saturday, January 13, 2018 2:35:46 PM
Mmmmm yea, nothing there....
Externalization of PS Stimulates Immune-Suppressive Mechanisms
Under non-stress conditions, PS is selectively found on the inner leaflet of plasma membranes. Following environmental stress or in aging cells PS gets externalized to the outer membrane leaflet by scramblases. Externalized PS on dying normal cells acts as a dominant, anti-inflammatory eat-me signal for phagocytosis (efferocytosis) that allows controlled apoptotic cell death (30). Pathologically, the immunosuppressive activity of externalized PS has been converted into pro-inflammatory signals that can also support tumor progression. Upon hypoxic stress, the localization of PS is severely dysregulated in tumor and stromal cells (infiltrating MDSCs within the tumor stroma included) (30). If the controlled apoptotic clearance of tumor cells fails, secondary necrosis can be initiated which in turn can induce chronic inflammation and autoimmunity (31). A rapid removal of PS exposing apoptotic by phagocytosis is pivotal to prevent inflammatory responses and the maintenance of tolerogenic signals during homeostasis which in turn can downregulate antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, binding of PS exposing tumor-derived exosomes to PS-receptors (e.g., TIM-receptors on immune cells) (32), can also induce evolutionary conserved immune-suppressive signals (enhanced TGF-ß and interleukin-10 secretion) that can further inactivate antitumor immune responses.
Conclusion
From the data presented, it is evident that hypoxia-/HIF-1a-driven features of the TME, such as ADO and lactate accumulation, extracellular acidosis, VEGF overexpression, and VEGF-R activation, and PS-externalization from the inner to the outer leaflet of tumor cells or tumor-derived exosomes are accomplices (“fatal sextet” of TME) sabotaging spontaneous and therapeutically induced antitumor immune responses. Therapeutic strategies counteracting the immune-suppressive activities of these adverse factors have been reviewed recently (14, 15).
FFTT
JBAIN
Recent CDMO News
- Form 144 - Report of proposed sale of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 07/11/2024 12:23:26 AM
- Avid Bioservices Reports Financial Results for Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year Ended April 30, 2024 • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 07/02/2024 08:05:04 PM
- Avid Bioservices to Report Financial Results for Quarter and Fiscal Year Ended April 30, 2024, After Market Close on July 2, 2024 • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 07/01/2024 11:00:21 AM
- Avid Bioservices Earns Committed Badge from EcoVadis for Sustainability Performance • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 05/23/2024 12:05:46 PM
- Avid Bioservices to Participate at Upcoming Investor Conferences • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 05/07/2024 08:05:11 PM
- Avid Bioservices Reports Financial Results for Third Quarter Ended January 31, 2024 • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 04/24/2024 09:25:33 PM
- Avid Bioservices Announces Receipt of Deficiency Notice from Nasdaq Regarding Late Form 10-Q • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 03/20/2024 11:00:10 AM
- Form 8-K - Current report • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 03/07/2024 11:30:11 AM
- Avid Bioservices Announces Pricing of Private Placement of Convertible Notes • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 03/07/2024 04:58:48 AM
- Avid Bioservices Announces Proposed Private Placement of Convertible Notes • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 03/06/2024 09:32:07 PM
- Avid Bioservices Announces Certain Preliminary Financial Results for Third Quarter Ended January 31, 2024 • GlobeNewswire Inc. • 03/06/2024 09:31:28 PM
- Form 8-K - Current report • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 03/06/2024 09:30:18 PM
- Form SC 13G/A - Statement of acquisition of beneficial ownership by individuals: [Amend] • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/26/2024 09:57:52 PM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/13/2024 12:34:35 AM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/12/2024 12:39:18 AM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/12/2024 12:38:30 AM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/12/2024 12:37:38 AM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/12/2024 12:36:27 AM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/12/2024 12:35:47 AM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/11/2024 12:56:02 AM
- Form SC 13G/A - Statement of acquisition of beneficial ownership by individuals: [Amend] • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/08/2024 09:32:36 PM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/04/2024 12:56:18 AM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/04/2024 12:55:07 AM
- Form 4 - Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities • Edgar (US Regulatory) • 01/04/2024 12:53:58 AM
FEATURED ECGI Holdings Enhances Board with Artificial Intelligence (AI) Expert Ahead of Allon Apparel Launch • Jul 10, 2024 8:30 AM
Avant Technologies to Meet Unmet Needs in AI Industry While Addressing Sustainability Concerns • AVAI • Jul 10, 2024 8:00 AM
Panther Minerals Inc. Launches Investor Connect AI Chatbot for Enhanced Investor Engagement and Lead Generation • PURR • Jul 9, 2024 9:00 AM
Glidelogic Corp. Becomes TikTok Shop Partner, Opening a New Chapter in E-commerce Services • GDLG • Jul 5, 2024 7:09 AM
Freedom Holdings Corporate Update; Announces Management Has Signed Letter of Intent • FHLD • Jul 3, 2024 9:00 AM
EWRC's 21 Moves Gaming Studios Moves to SONY Pictures Studios and Green Lights Development of a Third Upcoming Game • EWRC • Jul 2, 2024 8:00 AM