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Accomplices of the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment Compromising Antitumor Immunity: Adenosine, Lactate, Acidosis, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Potassium Ions, and Phosphatidylserine


Front. Immunol., 21 December 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01887


imagePeter Vaupel* and imageGabriele Multhoff
Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany


In this minireview, we aim to highlight key factors of the tumor microenvironment, including adenosine, lactate, acidosis, vascular endothelial growth factor, phosphatidylserine, high extracellular K+ levels, and tumor hypoxia with respect to antitumor immune functions. Most solid tumors have an immature chaotic microvasculature that results in tumor hypoxia. Hypoxia is a key determinant of tumor aggressiveness and therapy resistance and hypoxia-related gene products can thwart antitumor immune responses.


https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01887/full


I'M STILL A PS AND BAVI BELIEVER. IMO


Reversal of the PS-induced antitumor immunosuppression can be stimulated by PS-targeting therapeutics [e.g., Anx A5, bavituximab, see Table S1B in Supplementary Material (15)].