QS Energy Inc (QSEP)

[Myrka]

I am not sure what to say at this point. We know that turbulence increases the friction against the pipeline wall, which is directly related to the pressure drop and head loss during flow through these pipes. The pressure drop is then used to determine the pumping power requirement.

Under most practical conditions, the flow in a circular pipe is laminar for Reynolds <2300, turbulent for Reynolds at 4000, and transitional in between. A lower Reynolds number means the pumps work less. The flow in a pipe is streamlined at low velocities but turns chaotic as the velocity is increased above a critical value. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow does not occur suddenly; it occurs over some region in which the flow fluctuates between laminar and turbulent before it becomes fully turbulent.

Thank you for this Mr. Sano. Doing a little bit of research, I found that most flows encountered in practice are turbulent. I gather we can now conclude that turbulent flow in the AOT is not that much of an issue.