Register for free to join our community of investors and share your ideas. You will also get access to streaming quotes, interactive charts, trades, portfolio, live options flow and more tools.
Register for free to join our community of investors and share your ideas. You will also get access to streaming quotes, interactive charts, trades, portfolio, live options flow and more tools.
Ethnic minorities have specific needs with regard to cardiovascular risk
EDITORThe identification of patients at high risk of coronary heart disease is vital for preventive clinical care. 1 2 Robson et al state that a reduction of absolute cardiovascular risk in the tenth of the population with coronary risk 30% is likely to be cost beneficial.3 South Asians and Afro-Caribbeans in the United Kingdom are at increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, respectively, compared with people of European ethnicity. Most of the United Kingdom populations studied for assessment of cardiovascular risk have not, however, been stratified by ethnic group, and little research has been conducted into factors affecting uptake of preventive care in such patients.
We recently performed a pilot study of assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in south Asian and Afro-Caribbean patients aged 16-79 attending one south London practice.4 We found that half had at least two risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Women were less likely than men to be smokers (relative risk 0.4; 95% confidence interval 0.2 to 0.8) but more likely to take little or no exercise (1.7; 1.1 to 2.5). Focus groups suggested that barriers to effective health promotion included lack of awareness of risk, language difficulties, and cultural and lifestyle differences.
Motivational state and lack of perceived or actual risk may also cause delays in seeking medical help even after risk factors have been identified. Another London based study found that hypertensive patients of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity were less likely to use antihypertensive drugs than were patients of European ethnicity.5 General practitioners and primary care groups determining local policies for coronary disease prevention need to be aware of the specific needs of ethnic minority groups.
Mariam Molokhia, clinical research fellow.
Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT Mariam.molokhia@lshtm.ac.uk
Pippa Oakeshott, senior lecturer.
Department of General Practice, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Wood D, Durrington P, Poulter N, McInnes GT, Rees A, Wray R. Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Heart 1998; 80: 1-29S[Free Full Text].
2. Ramsay LE, Williams B, Johnston GD, MacGregor L, Potter JF, Poulter NR, et al. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the third working party of the British Hypertension Society. J Hum Hypertens 1999; 13: 569-592[CrossRef][Medline].
3. Robson J, Boomla K, Hart B, Feder G. Estimating cardiovascular risk for primary prevention: outstanding questions for primary care. BMJ 2000; 320: 702-704[Free Full Text]. (11 March.)
4. Molokhia M, Oakeshott P. A pilot study of cardiovascular risk assessment in Afro-Caribbean patients attending an inner city general practice. Fam Pract 2000; 17: 60-62[Abstract/Free Full Text].
5. Morgan M. The significance of ethnicity for health promotion: patients' use of antihypertensive drugs in inner London. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24(suppl 1): S79-S84[Abstract
Risk for rheumatic disease in relation to ethnicity and admixture.
Molokhia M, McKeigue P.
Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. mariam.molokhia@lshtm.ac.uk
Risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is high in west Africans compared with Europeans, and risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is high in Native Americans compared with Europeans. These differences are not accounted for by differences in allele or haplotype frequencies in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region or any other loci known to influence risk of rheumatic disease. Where there has been admixture between two or more ethnic groups that differ in risk of disease, studies of the relationship of disease risk to proportionate admixture can help to distinguish between genetic and environmental explanations for ethnic differences in disease risk and to map the genes underlying these differences.
I didn't know Mark Shriver was working with P. McKeigue in this area as well !!!!!
Relation of risk of systemic lupus erythematosus to west African admixture in a Caribbean population.
Molokhia M, Hoggart C, Patrick AL, Shriver M, Parra E, Ye J, Silman AJ, McKeigue PM.
Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK. mariam.molokhia@lshtm.ac.uk
Risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is higher in people of west African descent than in Europeans. The objective of this study was to distinguish between genetic and environmental explanations for this ethnic difference by examining the relationship of disease risk to individual admixture (defined as the proportion of the genome that is of west African ancestry); 124 cases of SLE and 219 matched controls resident in Trinidad were studied. Analysis of admixture was restricted to 52 cases and 107 controls who reported no Indian or Chinese ancestry. These individuals were typed with a panel of 26 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and five insertion/deletion polymorphisms chosen to have large allele frequency differentials between west African, European and Native American populations. A Bayesian model for population admixture, individual admixture and locus ancestry was fitted by Markov chain simulation. Mean west African admixture (M) was 0.81 in cases and 0.74 in controls (P=0.01). The risk ratio for SLE associated with unit change in M was estimated as 32.5 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.0-518. Adjustment for measures of socioeconomic status (household amenities in childhood and years of education) altered this risk ratio only slightly (adjusted risk ratio: 28.4, 95% CI 1.7-485). These results support an additive genetic model for the ethnic difference in risk of SLE between west Africans and Europeans, rather than an environmental explanation or an "overdominant" model in which risk is higher in heterozygous than in homozygous individuals. This conclusion lays a basis for localizing the genes underlying this ethnic difference in risk of SLE by admixture mapping.
Do not feel down about the way things are going it will soon change.If Dnap can come out with eye and hair with maybe one or two other features then we will do just fine.Think about it.Tony said eye color out First part of 2004,right.So it didn't come out,why.Because they now know if they wait and put it with another feature it will make a bigger impact.Come on now you know its right.And what kind of impact will there be with Eye,hair,earlobes,AND maybe one other. How Big ?? I think very Big.
Wisdom for the day - There is no man so low down that the cure for his condition does not lie strictly within himself
More from Stanford - HUMAN MIGRATION TRACKED IN STANFORD COMPUTER SIMULATION
STANFORD, Calif. – Early humans migrating from Africa carried small genetic differences like so much flotsam in an ocean current. Today’s studies give only a snapshot of where that genetic baggage came to rest without revealing the tides that brought it there. Now researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have devised a model for pinpointing where mutations first appeared, providing a new way to trace the migratory path of our earliest ancestors.
The study was led by Luca Cavalli-Sforza, PhD, emeritus professor of genetics, who has spent most of his career tracking the evolution of modern humans. Much of his current work involves following mutations in the Y chromosome, which is passed exclusively from father to son, as humans migrated from Africa and spread to the rest of the world during the past 50,000 years.
These mutations, most of which cause no physical change, tend to appear at a constant rate, providing a genetic timer. For example, if a population has 10 mutations after 50,000 years of evolution from the common ancestor in Africa, then the fifth mutation probably arose 25,000 years ago. But where was the population located at that time? Until now genetics hasn’t had an answer.
“If we know the time when a mutation arose we know something. If we also knew the place we’d know almost everything,” Cavalli-Sforza said.
With the help of senior application software developer Christopher Edmonds and statistician Anita Lillie, both researchers at Stanford, Cavalli-Sforza built a computer model to simulate how mutations spread in a migrating population. The results of this work are published in this week’s online issue of Proceedings of the National Academies of Science.
The group reduced the world’s continents to a simple rectangular grid. They populated the first few squares with computerized human populations and gave those electronic villages realistic rates for population growth, migration and mutations. The inhabitants had more than one child, on average, and those offspring could migrate to any neighboring square as long as it wasn’t filled to capacity. This population growth filled the initial squares to capacity and pushed the computerized people to migrate at a constant rate across their rectangular territory until the next space was filled.
When a mutation appeared within a population, descendants reproduced and migrated at the same rate as other individuals. Most of the mutations, however, simply disappeared due to chance.
Those mutations that stayed in the population until the simulation ended showed one of two patterns. If the mutation appeared in a heavily populated area, it had a lower chance of surviving for many generations or reaching high numbers. In these cases, the mutation remained extremely rare in the local population.
If a mutation appeared in a person at the edge of the migration front where the population was scarce, the mutation was more likely to spread through the population. The mutation-carrying person multiplied and the offspring migrated, taking the mutation to neighboring squares. If these neighboring squares were previously unoccupied, the mutated person had a high probability of reproducing and passing along the mutation. The mutation itself remained most common in the migratory wave front, a situation Cavalli-Sforza refers to as “surfing” the migratory wave.
Over the course of 64,000 simulations, the group came up with a model for finding a mutation’s origin. First they identified the mutation’s farthest edge – corresponding with a boundary such as the ocean or mountain range in human populations. Then they calculated the average area of where the mutation is distributed – called the mutation’s centroid. According to the models, the centroid is about half the distance between where the mutation arose and where it ended up.
In at least some simulations, the mutation no longer existed in the population where it first arose. Without the group’s way of estimating distance, there might be no trace of the mutation’s place of origin. Now they can generate a dated “we were here” sign to place on the route of human migration.
# # #
Stanford University Medical Center integrates research, medical education and patient care at its three institutions - Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Hospital & Clinics and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. For more information, please visit the Office of Communication & Public Affairs site at http://mednews.stanford.edu.
Published online before print January 19, 2004, 10.1073/pnas.0308064100
This Article
Full Text (PDF)
Alert me when this article is cited
Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Similar articles in this journal
Similar articles in PubMed
Alert me to new issues of the journal
Download to citation manager
Cited by other online articles
Request Copyright Permission
PubMed
PubMed Citation
Articles by Edmonds, C. A.
Articles by Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.
Evolution
Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population
Christopher A. Edmonds, Anita S. Lillie, and L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza *
Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
Contributed by L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, December 4, 2003
The ability to infer the time and place of origin of a mutation can be very useful when reconstructing the evolutionary histories of populations and species. We use forward computer simulations of population growth, migration, and mutation in an analysis of an expanding population with a wave front that advances at a constant slow rate. A pronounced founder effect can be observed among mutations arising in this wave front where extreme population bottlenecks arise and are followed by major population growth. A fraction of mutations travel with the wave front and generate mutant populations that are on average much larger than those that remain stationary. Analysis of the diffusion of these mutants makes it possible to reconstruct migratory trajectories during population expansions, thus helping us better understand observed patterns in the evolution of species such as modern humans. Examination of some historical data supports our model.
Hauser CRO is a leader in production of research grade taxanes* and related compounds. These materials are available for purchase in milligram to gram quantities, and come with a certificate of analysis indicating chemical purity and identity.
Our technical staff can provide qualitative mixed standards for taxanes, including support in client projects involving our standards, and custom isolation or synthesis of taxanes.
*These compounds are not for human use.
Taxanes:
Paclitaxel
Baccatin-III
Cephalomannine (Paclitaxel related compound A)
10-Deacetylbaccatin-III
10-Deacetyltaxol
10-Deacetyl-7-epi-taxol (Paclitaxel related compound B)
10-Deaceyl-7-xylosyltaxol
7-epi-taxol
Taxol C
Taxol side chain alcohol
Taxol side chain methyl ester
7-xylosyltaxol
7-xylosyltaxol C
13-taxane HPLC mixture
Taxinine M
13-Acetyl-9-dihydrobacaatin III
Other Standards from Natural Sources:
artemisinin
carnosic acid
rosmarinic acid
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
epicatechin gallate (ECG)
epicatechin (EC)
green tea polyphenols
black tea polyphenols
vidarabine
2,4,-hexadinenoic acid isobutyl amide
Johnathan Lancaster, M.D. is Moffitt's newly appointed Medical Director for the Lifetime Cancer Screening and Prevention Center at Moffitt Cancer Research Center.
Dr. Johnathan Lancaster is the Principal Investigator with Moffitt working with DNAPrint Genomics and Taxanes
Moffit Cancer Research Center - Lifetime Focuses on High-Risk Populations - Summer 2004
The Lifetime Cancer Screening & Prevention Center at Moffitt Cancer Center is heading in new directions – with a new medical director at its helm. Johnathan Lancaster, M.D., has been named medical director for Lifetime Cancer Screening & Prevention Center at Moffitt Cancer Center. He also is a member of the Gynecologic Oncology Program and the Experimental Therapeutics and Risk Assessment, Detection & Intervention Programs.
Dr. Lancaster will lead the directional change that Lifetime is making to focus more on high-risk populations. “We are turning Lifetime into a cancer screening research laboratory,” says Dr. Lancaster. “We are conducting studies that will enhance the art and the science of cancer screening such that we develop more sophisticated, successful, sensitive screening technologies.”
Additionally, Dr. Lancaster is leading the new Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer Screening and Prevention Clinic at Lifetime. Clinics at Lifetime are concentrating on screening individuals at elevated risk for breast, ovarian, cervical and colon cancers. Clinics serving patients at high risk for skin and genitourinary cancers are planned, in addition to a clinic focused on individuals at increased risk for cancer based on the most common risk factor – age.
Care for individuals at highest risk will be overseen by an interdisciplinary medical team providing comprehensive, coordinated management in a single location. Prospective patients may be referred by their own physicians for genetics testing or can be evaluated individually through a screening process designed to determine predisposition to cancer. The patient may then be managed by the clinic or return to his or her own doctor. In the Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer Screening and Prevention Clinic, patients at high risk for breast and ovarian cancers are overseen by Dr. Lancaster and Rebecca Sutphen, M.D., director of the Family Cancer Genetics Clinic. Genetic testing is available for mutations in BRCA1/ BRCA2, two genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer, as well as for genes or markers associated with colon cancer.
Patients are seen by genetic counselors, behavioral and psychosocial specialists familiar with high-risk gene carriers, and a nutritionist who conducts a risk assessment analysis and develops and evaluates dietary interventions that may impact risk.
Since family history is a strong indicator to developing breast and ovarian cancer, Dr. Lancaster envisions families attending the clinic – centralizing care for all family members at risk of developing cancer.
Drs. Lancaster and Sutphen also plan to conduct more clinical trials and to develop better screening strategies through their research. They also will co-direct the newly established genetics research laboratory at Lifetime. This laboratory will utilize state-of-the-art technology to examine subtle differences in DNA that may determine such things as whether an individual has a higher risk to develop cancer, may tend to develop cancer at a younger age, or may respond differently to chemotherapy or radiation treatment if cancer develops.
“I see no benefit to simply providing the same services as screening centers across America,” says Dr. Lancaster. “The role of Lifetime is to apply research strategies to develop the science of early detection such that we improve the way we screen patients.”
Clinical Trials Use Microarray Analysis
Dr. Lancaster served as medical director of the Cervix Clinic at Duke University Medical Center before joining Moffitt Cancer Center. While at Duke University, he and his colleagues applied microarray technology to better understand the gene profiles that underlie ovarian cancers. They identified gene expression profiles that differentiate cancers from long- and short-term survivors, patients that would and would not be amenable to optimal surgical debulking and, most interestingly, which cancers responded to specific chemotherapies and which ones did not. Preliminary data from those studies suggest they can accurately predict in 90% of the cases which tumors would respond to specific chemotherapies based on their gene expression profiles.
He currently is developing a translational trial in which he will use microarray analysis to design tailored therapies for individual patients with ovarian cancer. Designer chemotherapy will hopefully increase patient response rates and decrease the number of ineffective agents that the patient receives. “Such individualized treatments decrease unnecessary toxicities, allow patients to receive the most effective anticancer agents more quickly, and preserve bone marrow,” says Dr. Lancaster. “This approach may increase lifespan and, more importantly, should improve patient quality of life.”
Dr. Lancaster’s clinical research interests include the GOG-182, a national multicenter, five-arm, open-trial study, involving the Gynecological Oncology Group, a national and international collaboration of gynecological oncologists. The study evaluates the role of chemotherapeutics traditionally used in recurrent ovarian cancer. The first arm compares surgery followed by carboplatin and taxol to the four other arms, which include surgery, carboplatin, taxol and a salvage agent.
Quick Summary – Dr. Johnathan Lancaster, MD. – Principal Investigator for Moffit on Taxanes Projects with DNAPrint Genomics
* Promotion to Medical Director for Lifetime Cancer Screening & Prevention Center at Moffitt Cancer Center
* Leads the new Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer Screening and Prevention Clinic at Lifetime
* Ongoing and new research on Carboplatin and Taxol
* Develops and uses MicroArrays for cancer diagnostics and screening
* Works with DNAPrint Genomics as Moffitt's principal investigator with Taxanes
** It appears DNAP is in very good company with Dr. Lancaster now the new Medical Director at Moffitt's Lifetime Cancer Center, working on clinical studies with excellent opportunities for Moffitt and DNAP to develop leading edge cancer screening methods and diagnostic microarrays...
WGCU interview with Tony Frudakis from 19th July 2004
http://www.wgcu.org/listen/gulfcoast_live.asp
Some highlights:
They are not developing drugs yet but intend to.
The error rate of DNAWitness is 4-8% for any percentage measured.
They will use facial recognition software in conjunction with DNA Witness to construct digital sketches of suspects. Future traits to be covered by DNA Witness:
- Skin color
- Eye color
- Hair color
- Height
- Weight
- Nose shape
- Distance between eyes
- Distance between cheekbones
- Whether earlobes attached
- Longitude and latitude of face
- Depth of cranium
- Any unusual inherited traits e.g. skull shape
The interviewer referred to a paper that Tony has apparently written called "Pharmacogenomics: The Paradigm Shift". Not sure if, when, or in what journal this is to be published.
When asked about cardiac drug related classifier development, Tony mentioned that DNAP had concentrated on a number of types of drugs, and specifically mentioned ace inhibitors and statins.
When asked about ovarian cancer/chemotherapy confirmed that can predict taxol and carboplatin response (based on two genes) and said that they are in the later stages of validating ovanome and "discussing with various types of organizations mechanisms of getting this type of test used and accepted for compensation by insurance companies, etc."
Have a nice day all.
ABC 15 NEWS STORY ON DNAPRINT
FULL VIDEO STORY.
ABC 15's Kaley O'Kelley introduces
http://www.abc15.com/video/misc/player-vnle.asp?pad=y&vid=http://real.scripps.com:8480/ramgen/ph...
Biometrics Council on Terrorism meeting - attended by Tony Frudakis:
http://www.findbiometrics.com/Pages/news_releases/news451.html
Tom Colatosti, Chairman of BIO-key International and CEO of American Security Ventures Appointed to Advisory Board of Biometrics Council - May 22, 2003
Two recent college graduates, David J. Harris and Wm. Matthew Jaunich, have founded Biometrics Council, a non-profit organization dedicated to fostering public awareness of the potential of biometrics to substantially reduce the risk of terrorism to the United States. Mr. Harris graduated from Yale College in 2000, where he worked for former President Bush's brother, Jonathan, at his investment firm, J. Bush and Company, Inc. In addition, Mr. Harris co-authored the first study of women in cardiac trials funded by the National Institutes of Health in the New England Journal of Medicine. Mr. Jaunich, an honors graduate of the University of Southern California, is President of the Lucror Group, L.L.C., a private equity vehicle and consults for Fremont Partners, L.P., a merchant bank in San Francisco. Mr. Jaunich has also worked for Creative Artists Agency in Hollywood.
Within a few weeks, Mr. Harris and Mr. Jaunich have recruited luminaries of the intelligence community, academe and industry to the Board of Directors:
Arnaud de Borchgrave, Editor at Large, Washington Times; UPI, and Director, Transnational Threats, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Member, Secretary Ridge's Advisory Committee for Homeland Security
Margaret L. Johnson, Senior Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, Department of Symbolic Systems, Stanford University
Catherine Lotrionte, Adjunct Professor of Security Studies, Georgetown University. Professor Lotrionte's particular areas of expertise are national security law, international law and international security.
Carlos L. Signoret, Managing Director, Hispania Capital Partners.
In addition to the Board of Directors, Biometrics Council has an Advisory Committee of leaders from the industry, who offer insight but have no governance power.
The advisors are:
Alexander and Michael Bronstein, Members of the 3DFACE Research Group, Technion -- Israel Institute of Technology, twenty-two year old identical twins who developed a facial recognition algorithm that distinguishes between them, which was featured on CNN.
Thomas J. Colatosti, Chairman of the Board, BIO-key International (OTC Bulletin Board: BKYI) and Founder and Chief Executive Officer of American Security Ventures.
R. Terren "Terry" Dunlap, Chief Executive Officer of Ultra-Scan Corporation
Tony Frudakis, Founder, Chief Executive Officer and President of DNAPrint Genomics
Barry Hodge, President of AcSys Biometrics Corporation
Oliver "Buck" Revell, Chairman of the Board of Imagis Technologies, Inc. and retired Associate Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
Biometrics Council is market-neutral and all directors have pledged not to own biometrics securities or accept profit incentives from the industry. This underscores their commitment to the proposition that biometrics in its various modalities, including facial-recognition, fingerprint, DNA, retinal and iris, palm and vein, could in a variety of applications enhance the safety of the American people.
Mr. Harris explained the Council's motivation: "Overwhelming evidence demonstrates that the use of weapons of mass destruction against the United States is imminent.
Warren Buffett, for instance, has declared that a nuclear attack on America is 'virtually a certainty.' If we are to preserve the American way of life, we must have a revolution in infrastructure. We believe a vital piece of this is biometrics."
Arnaud de Borchgrave stated, "The next generation will see electronics worn, ingested or implanted. Biometrics is an integral part of our national security as disruptive technologies keep America at the cutting edge of revolutionary change."
"After September 11, there was a surge in interest concerning identity technology, but this crest has fallen, and we are in an almost tranquil abeyance, a denial of the immediacy of the threat," Harris added.
Mr. Harris stresses this is not a partisan issue. "Secretary Rumsfeld has admonished that a weapons of mass destruction attack on America is not a matter of 'if', but 'when.'
Congressman Edward Markey, a Massachusetts Democrat, has been sounding the clarion call that we cannot continue status quo operation of nuclear power plants, given that they are capable of being weaponized. We want to seek out more people who do not view the threat of weapons of mass destruction through rose-colored glasses."
The Council has had discussions with various officials in the government, both active and retired, and is heartened by the interest in its initiatives. Lt. General Claudia Kennedy, former Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army for Intelligence, the first and only woman to achieve that rank in the United States Army, attended the Council's first meeting this winter.
SOURCE: Biometrics Council
NEWS OUT TAKE A LOOK - DNAWitness(TM) Leads Investigators to the Right Man: Louisiana Serial Killer Convicted
Thursday August 12, 12:02 pm ET
SARASOTA, Fla., Aug. 12 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- DNAPrint genomics (OTC Bulletin Board: DNAP - News) announces that the success of DNAWitness(TM) came full circle as jurors in a Port Allen courtroom returned an 11-1 guilty verdict for the man known as the Louisiana Serial killer, Derrick Todd Lee. This case was the first forensic case in which DNAPrint genomics' DNAWitness(TM) completely changed the direction of the investigation and helped lead to the capture of the prime suspect.
ADVERTISEMENT
DNAWitness(TM) is a test that investigators can use to narrow their field of DNA donors based on ancestry information gained from examining DNA left at the crime scene. The test determines proportional European, East Asian, Native American, and Sub-Saharan African ancestry on a 0-100% scale. It also reports the proportions of mixture among these four continental groups on a 100% scale and compares the suspect's profile from a crime scene sample to a photographic database of volunteers to give the investigator an aid in interpreting the profile. DNAWitness(TM) is an investigative tool that has been used by several agencies in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain.
"This test can have a profound impact on how fast we capture suspects," said Zach Gaskin, Technical Coordinator of Forensics at DNAPrint. "In the Lee case, the investigators had to go on the information that was available from the eyewitnesses. Unfortunately eyewitnesses can and often do, have many flaws in their stories. In this case, the main flaw was that eyewitnesses identified the perpetrator as a white male, which led the detectives in the completely wrong direction."
DNAWitness(TM) was utilized in this investigation in March 2003 and reported that the unknown suspect was majority sub-Saharan African, dispelling the notion that the perpetrator was Caucasian. Circumstantial eyewitness accounts led investigators to focus on Caucasian males for more than a year while the killing continued. Approximately two months after the DNAWitness(TM) report was issued to authorities and combined with other information, they had Lee in custody.
Investigators in the Lee case opted to perform a "DNA sweep" or "DNA dragnet" of thousands of potential donors to try to match or eliminate possible donors from the DNA profile found linking the serial killer's victims. "Finding your donor by collection from the random man on the street is statistically difficult, but in this case, all the evidence was pointing to the wrong donor profile and they had no choice. This kind of a sweep can cost a police department its yearly budget," said Gaskin. "Especially if the police are looking in the wrong donor group. Had our test been available and used at the beginning of this investigation, we could have saved them a tremendous amount of money. It would have helped them narrow the search and re-focus their investigation. DNAWitness(TM) has the potential to save lives as well by getting violent criminals off the street quickly. How many investigations are being neglected because manpower and resources are being wasted chasing the wrong lead?"
DNAPrint reports that a high percentage of the DNAWitness(TM) cases that come to them are heading in the wrong direction. "The gut feeling and sometimes the eyewitness are just not good enough anymore," said Richard Gabriel, Chief Executive Officer and President of DNAPrint. "We are providing scientific evidence that takes the guesswork out of many cases. This test can change the way we look at the investigative process. A person's life is too important to let a case with DNA evidence transition into a cold case. I think the lesson to be learned by the Lee case is that the technology of DNAWitness(TM) can make a difference. Investigators need to ask themselves if any cases they have, past or present, can benefit by knowing the genetic ancestry of their suspect and having access to a photo database array of similar looking DNA donors. We are at a profound crossroads for DNAWitness(TM) and we hope everyone in the investigative community, from detectives to prosecutors to medical examiners and forensic scientists, will opt to use this new tool. It is available from Lynn Peavey Company, ReliaGene Technologies, Inc. and directly from us. As the first successful conviction of a DNAWitness(TM) case, the Lee conviction was a major hurdle for our presumptive test. It should be clear to everyone that DNAWitness(TM) is a service that can help catch criminals."
About ReliaGene Technologies, Inc.
Founded in 1990 and based in the New Orleans, LA metro area, ReliaGene Technologies Inc. is a leading DNA laboratory facility specializing in human genetic identification and related bio-tech product development. With cutting-edge capabilities for forensic and paternity DNA testing, ReliaGene has now successfully detected human genetic profiles from over 400,000 biological samples, including cases from all 50 U.S. states and over 35 countries worldwide. ReliaGene's Y-PLEX(TM) genotyping systems, first released in 2000, are now sold in over 40 countries with market demand increasing steadily. DNAWitness is available through ReliaGene and for more information, please visit: http://www.reliagene.com.
About Lynn Peavey Company
Lynn Peavey is the leader in providing law enforcement with forensic innovations for use at the crime scene and in the laboratory. Lynn Peavey reaches over 17,000 law enforcement agencies, medical examiners and crime laboratories across the country. The Lynn Peavey Company has an on-line catalog and bound catalog by request for all crime scene materials and including a DNAWitness testing kit. For more information, please visit: http://www.lynnpeavey.com.
About DNAPrint genomics, Inc.
DNAPrint genomics Inc. uses proprietary human genome research methods to develop genomic-based services and products. The Company introduced Ancestrybydna in the consumer market and DNAWitness in the forensic market in 2003. DNAPrint is developing products in the pharmacogenomic market and has a disease gene discovery program. The Company is traded on the NASDAQ OTC Bulletin Board under the ticker symbol: DNAP. For more information about the company, please visit: http://www.dnaprint.com.
All statements in this press release that are not historical are forward- looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act as amended. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected, including, but not limited to, uncertainties relating to technologies, product development, manufacturing, market acceptance, cost and pricing of DNAPrint's products, dependence on collaborations and partners, regulatory approvals, competition, intellectual property of others, and patent protection and litigation. DNAPrint genomics, Inc. expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in DNAPrint's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statements are based.
Media and Press Contacts:
Richard Gabriel
DNAPrint genomics, Inc. CEO/President (941) 366-3400
Wisdom of the day - The man who cannot enjoy his own natural gifts in silence, and find his reward in the exercise of them, will generally find himself badly off.
GCBR,ya thats funny have a good night.EOM
Wisdom of the day - Be noble-minded! Our own heart, and not other men's opinions of us, forms our true honor.
Key players Tony Frudakis;Wenxia;Peiyi Tian;Jianjun Liu;Huimin Zhang; Stuart Fischer;Pavel Morozov;Huitao Sheng;Xiaoqing Zhang;Dr.Tan;Mr Young;Dr Antoine A Noujaim;Dr. Anderson;Dr.Klaus Staeckel;Yeung Kai Kwong; Dovichi Norman J.; John Samuel;Kwon Glen S.;Meyer Urs A.;Venkataramanan Raman;Dr Douglas Thacher Ridgway;Dr.Chee Keong Choo;Dr.James Yi-Chan Lin;Dr.Lei Ling; Dr.Raimar Loebenberg; Dr. Nuzhat Tam-Zaman;Dr. Hugh Alexander Semple; Dr.Brian Duff Sloley;Dr. Yun Kau Tam; Dr.Naobumi Ishida. All involved with The "Group" & "Kinetana" & Shaanxi Yangling Daiying Biological Eng. {ydbe} & Sun City Industries & DNAP
Sim Bio Das tm Technology is invented by Dr. Tam And Dr.Anderson and the "group" who is also "kinetana" - http://www.kinetana.com/ located both in Hong Kong and Canda if you go into the web sites and read the past posts you can see how easy it is to start to put thing togeather. Later
A General overview of the "Group" - http://www.hkgem.com/newlistings/prospectuses/e_8031pro-20020522chap14.pdf
Here is Dr. Dr. Liu, Jianjun - http://www.gis.a-star.edu.sg/homepage/cvdetailview.jsp?invid=14&alpha=
REORGANIZATION AGREEMENT
THIS REORGANIZATION AGREEMENT ("Agreement") is made and entered into by and between Sun City Industries, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Corporation"), and shareholders of Yangling Daiying Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Ms. Guo WenXia; Qiang Li, Jianjun Liu; etc., Yangling Daiying Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., (hereinafter, collectively referred to as the "Subscriber") "Corporation" and "Subscriber" being collectively referred to as the "Parties".
P R E A M B L E:
WHEREAS, the Subscriber owns all of the authorized issued and outstanding common stock of Yangling Daiying Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the Peoples Republic of China (the "Subsidiary"); and
WHEREAS, the Subscriber desires to acquire 34,880,000 shares (the "Exchange Stock") of the Corporation's common stock, $.001 par value (the "Stock"), which, upon issuance, would constitute approximately 87.2% of the Corporation's issued and outstanding common stock; and
WHEREAS, the Subscriber, in exchange for the conveyance of all of the common stock in the Subsidiary, which stock constitutes all of the Subsidiary's issued and outstanding securities (the "Subsidiary Stock"), provided that such conveyance meets the tax free exchange requirements of Section 368(a)(1)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"); and
WHEREAS, the Corporation (post reorganization), concurrent with the closing with this Agreement, desires to enter into a Consulting Agreement with Coast to Coast Equity Group, Inc., or its designee ("Consultant") with such Consulting Agreement being incorporated by reference herein and made a part hereof;
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises as well as the mutual covenants hereinafter set forth, the Parties, intending to be legally bound, hereby agree as follows:
W I T N E S S E T H:
ARTICLE ONE
EXCHANGE PROVISIONS
1.1 Exchange
Subject to the conditions hereinafter described, the Corporation shall exchange 34,880,000 shares of its Stock with the Subscriber for all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of the Subsidiary. The Subscriber shall receive the number of shares of Stock set forth on Schedule A attached hereto and made a part hereof. The remaining shares of exchanged stock shall be allocated for the purpose as set forth on Schedule B, attached hereto and made part hereof.
1.2 Closing
The exchange of the Exchange Stock for the Subsidiary Stock shall take place at the offices of Mark C. Perry, P.A., legal counsel to the Corporation, or at such time or different place as the Parties may mutually select. At the Closing:
A. Representatives of both the Corporation and Subscriber shall be permitted to make a full and complete investigation of the business, properties, customers, financial statements and books and records of each other; (Each shall cause employees, Corporations, representatives and agents to keep confidential all information received from the other Party hereto and shall not permit the use of any such information by employees, Corporations, representatives and agents. This confidentiality covenant shall be binding upon the Parties hereto and shall survive for a period of two (2) years whether or not closing on this Agreement occurs. In the event closing does not occur, the Parties hereto shall promptly return all materials containing such confidential information of such other party and shall delete all electronic documents containing any such confidential information. At the request of a Party, the other Party shall within 10 business days provide an affidavit certifying that such return and/or deletion is complete);
B. The Subscriber shall tender to the Corporation certificates representing all of the Subsidiary's issued and outstanding capital stock, duly executed and in proper form for transfer to the Corporation, together with such executed consents, powers of attorney, stock powers and other items as shall be required to convey such Subsidiary Stock to the Corporation in compliance with all applicable laws; and
C. The Corporation shall tender to the Subscriber the Exchange Stock and such other items as shall be required to convey such Exchange Stock to the Subscriber. The delivery of all certificates and documents required to effectuate this Agreement may be delivered by express mail subsequent to the execution of this Agreement.
D. The Subscriber representing the majority of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of the Corporation at the time of Closing hereby agrees to have the Corporation (post reorganization) execute the following agreements : (i) a Consulting Agreement with the Consultant on terms set forth in Section 3.1E herein; ; and (ii) a Warrant Agreement on terms set forth in Section 3.1E herein. The precise terms of the Consulting Agreement and Warrant Agreement shall be agreed upon at, or prior to, closing. Said execution of these agreements are a condition to closing of this transaction.
1.3 Exemption From Registration
A. The Subscriber hereby represents, warrants, covenants and acknowledges that:
The Exchange Stock is being issued without registration by Sun City through American Stock Transfer & Trust Company (the "Transfer Agent") under the provisions of Section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"), pursuant to exemptions provided in Sections 3(b), 4(2) or 4(6) thereof;
All of the Exchange Stock shall bear legends restricting its transfer to United States residents or citizens, or its transfer, sale, conveyance or hypothecation within the jurisdictional boundaries of the United States, unless such Stock is either registered under the provisions of Section 5 of the Act and under applicable State securities laws, or an opinion of legal counsel, in form and substance satisfactory to legal counsel to the Corporation is provided, certifying that such registration is not required as a result of applicable exemptions therefrom;
The Corporation's transfer agent shall be instructed not to transfer any of the Exchange Stock unless the Corporation (post stock exchange) advises it that such transfer is in compliance with all applicable laws;
The Subscriber has examined all of the Corporation's books and records and has had an opportunity to fully and completely question the Corporation's officers and directors as to all matters involving the Corporation.
B. The Corporation hereby represents, warrants, covenants and acknowledges that:
The Subsidiary Stock is being transferred without registration under the provisions of Section 5 of the Act pursuant to exemptions provided in Section 3(b), 4(2) or 4(6) thereof;
All of the Subsidiary Stock shall bear legends restricting its transfer or its sale, conveyance or hypothecation unless such Subsidiary Stock is either registered under the provisions of Section 5 of the Act and under applicable State securities laws, or an opinion of legal counsel is provided certifying that such registration is not required as a result of applicable exemptions therefrom;
The Corporation shall not transfer any of the Subsidiary Stock except in compliance with all applicable laws;
ARTICLE TWO
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES
2.1 The Corporation
The Corporation hereby represents and warrants to the Subscriber, as a material inducement to the Subscriber's entry into this Agreement, that:
A. The Corporation is, as of the date of this Agreement, a validly existing corporation, organized pursuant to the laws of the State of Delaware, with all legal and corporate authority and power to conduct its business and to own its properties, and it possesses all necessary permits and licenses required in connection with the conduct of its business;
B. The conduct of the Corporation's business is in full compliance with all applicable Federal, state and local governmental statutes, rules, regulations, ordinances and decrees;
C. Pursuant to its Articles of Incorporation, the Corporation is authorized to issue 90,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $.001 par value. At closing, 40,000,000 shares of Stock shall be issued and outstanding. There are no other authorized or outstanding securities of any class or of any kind or character and, except as reflected in this Agreement, there are no outstanding subscriptions, options, warrants or other agreements or commitments (i) obligating the Corporation to issue or sell any additional shares of the Corporation's capital stock or any options or rights with respect thereto, or any securities convertible into any shares of the Corporation's capital stock of any class, or (ii) entitling any person or entity to acquire any of such securities;
D. Upon issuance of the Exchange Stock, the Subscribers and their assigns shall become the owners of 87.2% of the Corporation's issued and outstanding Stock which shares shall be allocated as set forth on Schedule A and Schedule B attached hereto;
E. The execution and delivery of this Agreement, the consummation of the transactions herein contemplated, and compliance with the terms of this Agreement shall not result in a breach of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under, the Articles of Incorporation or By-laws of the Corporation (a true and complete copy of which are annexed hereto as Schedule C; any indenture, agreement or instrument to which the Corporation is a party or by which it or its assets are bound; or any applicable regulation, judgment, order or decree of any governmental instrumentality or court, domestic or foreign, having jurisdiction over the Corporation, its securities or its properties;
F. The Corporation is not a party to any written or oral agreement of any kind, except as listed on Schedule D hereto;
G. The Corporation has no liability or obligation, whether by contract, tort, statute or otherwise, whether fixed or contingent, known or unknown, asserted or unasserted, due or to become due, of any kind except as listed on Schedule E;
H. The Corporation has filed with the appropriate governmental agencies all tax returns and tax reports required to be filed; all Federal, state and local income, franchise, sales, use, occupation or other taxes due have been fully paid or adequately reserved for; and the Corporation is not a party to any action or proceeding by any governmental authority for assessment or collection of taxes, nor has any claim for assessments been asserted against the Corporation;
I. There are presently no contingent liabilities, factual circumstances, threatened or pending litigation, contractually assumed obligations or unasserted possible claims which are known to the Corporation, which might result in a material liability. All the legal responsibilities and economic loss of the reorganized corporation due to any lawsuits brought against the Corporation for acts that occurred prior to closing of this transaction shall be the responsibility of the Corporation's sole officer and director (pre-reorganization). The Subscriber shall be free from any of the above responsibilities and losses that result from such lawsuits.
J. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby do not require the consent, authority or approval of any other person or entity except such as have been obtained;
K. The Corporation is not currently engaged in, and has not engaged during the past year in, any material business or operations;
L. The board of directors of the Corporation consists of Michael Manion, who has approved of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby by written consent, a copy of which is annexed hereto as Schedule F, and the entering into of this Agreement and the performance thereof has been duly and validly authorized by all required corporate action and does not require any corporate consents other than such as have been unconditionally obtained;
M. The Corporation's financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission have been audited by independent certified public accountants as indicated (approved by the PCAOB), have all been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis, and fairly present the Corporation's financial condition, results of operations, assets, liabilities and business as of the dates and for the periods indicated;
N. The Corporation has complied with all the Rules and Regulations set forth in Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code which resulted in the final sale of the Corporation on May 23, 2003 as a valid and legal transfer free of all liens, claims and encumbrances.
O. The Corporation is presently current, and shall be current at Closing, with all of its reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
2.2 The Subscriber
The Subscriber hereby represents and warrants to the Corporation, as a material inducement to the Corporation's entry into this Agreement, that, to the best of their knowledge after reasonable inquiry:
A. The Subsidiary owns or leases all of the assets described in the schedule of assets, a copy of which is annexed hereto and made a part hereof as Schedule G, and as of the date of this Agreement no events have occurred nor have any facts been discovered which materially alters the Subsidiary's assets;
B. The Subsidiary is, as of the date of this Agreement, a validly existing corporation, organized on November 26, 2001 pursuant to the laws of the Peoples Republic of China and has all corporate authority and power to conduct its business and to own its properties and possesses all necessary permits and licenses required in connection with the conduct of its business;
C. The conduct of the Subsidiary's business is in full compliance with all applicable governmental statutes, rules, regulations, ordinances and decrees;
D. The Subsidiary has 40,000,000 registered capital shares of Common Stock currently issued and outstanding, there being no other outstanding securities of any class or of any kind or character of the Subsidiary and, except as reflected in this Agreement, there being no outstanding subscriptions, options, warrants or other agreements or commitments (i) obligating the Subsidiary, to issue or sell any additional shares of the Subsidiary's Stock or any options or rights with respect thereto, or any securities convertible into any shares of Stock of any class, or (ii) entitling any person or entity to acquire any of such securities;
E. The execution and delivery of this Agreement, the consummation of the transactions herein contemplated and compliance with the terms of this Agreement shall not result in a breach of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under, the Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws (if any) of the Subsidiary (a copy of which is annexed hereto as Schedule H; any indenture, agreement or instrument to which the Subsidiary is a party or by which it or its assets are bound; or any applicable regulation, judgment, order or decree of any governmental instrumentality or court, domestic or foreign, having jurisdiction over the Subsidiary, its securities or its properties;
F. The Subsidiary is not a party to any written or oral agreement which grants an option or right of first refusal or other arrangement to acquire any of its securities or to any agreement that affects the voting rights of any of its securities, nor has the Subsidiary made any commitment of any kind relating to the issuance of shares of any of its securities, whether by subscription, right of conversion, option or otherwise;
G. The Subsidiary is not a party to any agreement or understanding for the sale or exchange of inventory or services for consideration other than cash or at a discount in excess of normal discount for quantity or cash payment;
H. The Subsidiary has filed with the appropriate governmental agencies all tax returns and tax reports required to be filed; all income, franchise, sales, use, occupation or other taxes due have been fully paid or adequately reserved for; and the Subsidiary is not a party to any action or proceeding by any governmental authority for assessment or collection of taxes, nor has any claim for assessments been asserted against the Subsidiary;
I. The audited financial statement as of August 31, 2003 and December 31, 2002, which have been provided by the Subsidiary and have been prepared in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States, and fairly present the Subsidiary's financial condition, statements of operation, cash flows, and owners equity for the periods indicated.
J. There are presently no contingent liabilities, factual circumstances, threatened or pending litigation, contractually assumed obligations or unasserted possible claims which might result in a material adverse change in the future financial condition or operations of the Subsidiary;
K. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby do not require the consent, authority or approval of any other person(s) or entity except such as have been obtained;
L. No transactions have been entered into either by or on behalf of the Subsidiary, other than in the ordinary course of business nor have any acts been performed (including within the definition of the term performed the failure to perform any required acts) which would adversely affect the good will of the Subsidiary;
M. The entering into of this Agreement and the performance thereof has been duly and validly authorized by all required corporate action and does not require any consents other than such as have been unconditionally obtained.
ARTICLE THREE
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
3.1 Conditions to Closing
A. The obligations of each Party to this Agreement are subject to the condition precedent that the other Party's representations and warranties contained in this Agreement shall be true, correct and complete on and as of the date of Closing with the same effect as though such representations and warranties were made on and as of such date.
B. At the time of closing, all the original officers, directors, and employees of the Corporation shall have completed their legal resignations.
C. Prior to Closing, the Corporation's Director shall elect Dr. Tony N. Frudakis, Ph.D., Wenxia Guo, Peiyi Tian, Jianjun Liu, and Huimin Zhang to serve as members of the Board of Directors. Dr. Tony N. Frudakis shall serve as a director of the Board for the next two years without compensation.
D. The Corporation, as of the closing date, is fully reporting under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and is currently trading on the over the counter bulletin board (OTC-BB).
E. Concurrent with the Closing, the Corporation shall:
(i) Transfer 34,880,000 shares of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Corporation to the Subscriber;
(ii) Transfer 1,400,000 shares to be held in escrow for the benefit of Consultant or its assigns by Anslow & Jaclin, LLP until completion of funding for the post reorganized corporation of at least Four Million USD ($4,000,000) within four (4) months of the effective date of the registration statement on Form SB-2, or any other acceptable registration statement, to be paid for by the Corporation. If the Consultant or its assigns fails to raise the above amount of funds for the reorganized corporation within the above stipulated time, it shall result in the unconditional transfer of the 1,400,000 shares to the Subscriber, and shall forfeit its right to an additional three million warrants set forth hereinafter in 3.1 E(iii). If the Consultant or its assigns fulfills the funding responsibilities for Four Million USD ($4,000,000) set forth herein within the stipulated time, the Consultant or its assigns shall be entitled to the release of the 1,400,000 shares as well as an additional three million warrants as set forth. Any of the participants related to this Agreement shall not be entitled to transfer, deposit or deal with this 1,400,000 shares without prior written consent from the Consultant and Corporation (post reorganization).
(iii) The Consultant shall be responsible for providing sources in raising the four million (USD) in capital and the Corporation shall be responsible for completing the registration of shares noted on Schedule B with the Securities and Exchange Commission to register the shares noted on Schedule B.
Financing method:
(1) If the financing of at least $4 million is arranged by Consultant in equity capital of 4 million shares of the Subscriber and the final financing amount reaches $5,000,000 USD, $1 million or any part thereof of that amount exceeding $4 million USD shall be paid to Consultant and exclusively used on behalf of the Corporation for its business activities related to this Agreement (such as promotions). This amount shall be paid to Consultant to perform such services set forth in the Consulting Agreement. Any financing amount exceeding $5 million shall be owned by the Corporation (post reorganization);
(2) If the financing is fulfilled by the Consultant's sources in a loan of up to $10 million at the current prevailing market rate with 4 million shares of the Subscriber as collateral, 1.5% of the loan amount exceeding the $ 4 million financing amount shall be granted as a service fee to the Consultant in a lump sum payment. Neither the shareholders, nor the Corporation, nor the consultant shall be entitled to transfer or deal with the 4 million shares as collateral.
The Financing herein before shall be SEC compliant and shall not cause lawsuits to the Corporation (post reorganization). Four (4) million shares of Subscriber's stock shall be registered and allocated for this purpose. In no event, shall the Consultant act as a broker/dealer in connection with such funding obtained as a result of Consultant's sources on behalf of Subscriber.
After fulfillment of funding responsibilities set forth in 3.1E(ii) set hereinbefore, Consultant shall be entitled to an additional three million warrants as follows:
500,000 shares at the exercise price of $.75 per share, when the price of the Corporation's (post reorganized) shares of common stock close at or above $.75 within four (4) months of the effective date of the registration statement filed with the SEC, or such warrants will expire worthless.
800,000 shares at an exercise price of $1.50 per share when the price of the Corporation's (post reorganized) shares of common stock closes at or above $1.50 within six (6) months of the effective date of the registration statement filed with the SEC, or such warrants will expire worthless.
900,000 shares at an exercise price of $2.50 per share when the price of the Corporation's (post reorganized) shares of common stock closes at or above $2.50 within nine (9) months of the effective date of the registration statement filed with the SEC, or such warrants will expire worthless.
800,000 shares at an exercise price of $3.50 per share when the price of the Corporation's (post reorganized) shares of common stock closes at or above $3.50 within 12 months of execution hereof or such warrants will expire worthless.
All 3,000,000 warrants will be structured with cashless exercise language and the shares underlying the warrants will be registered in a registration statement filed with the SEC.
As set forth in Section 1.2 D., the reorganized Corporation shall execute a Consulting Agreement with the Consultant which shall relate to the Consultant obtaining financing for the Corporation (post reorganization).
(iv) Change the name of the Company to CHINA BIOTECH & PHARMACEUTICAL CORP.; and
(v) Obtain shareholder approval for all of the above.
F. The Corporation (post reorganization) shall take all corporate actions necessary to form a wholly owned subsidiary and to allow Consultant to complete a spin-off transaction whereby the Corporation will spin-off approximately 95% of the subsidiary and distribute approximately 5% of the subsidiary's common stock to the Corporation's shareholders on a pro-rata basis. Consultant shall have full authority to structure this transaction and will bear all related costs. This action shall not take place within the initial thirty (30) days after closing of this transaction. This action will comply with all the relevant rules and regulation and will not cause any liabilities and damage to the reorganized Corporation. This provision shall survive the closing of this transaction.
G. The reorganized Corporation shall execute a Warrant Agreement with Consultant.
ARTICLE FOUR
MISCELLANEOUS
4.1 Amendment
No modification, waiver, amendment, discharge or change of this Agreement shall be valid unless the same is evidenced by a written instrument, subscribed by the Party against which such modification, waiver, amendment, discharge or change is sought.
4.2 Notice
All notices, demands or other communications given hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given when signed for or not accepted by the addressee after mailing by recognized overnight courier procuring a signed receipt or by United States registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, addressed as follows:
To the Corporation: Sun City Industries, Inc. 1220 Glenmore Dr. Apopka, FL 32712
To the Subscriber: Ms. WenXia Guo, Chief Executive Officer
Yangling Daiying Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.
13 floor of apartment A, Jiezuo Plaza, FengYe New City, Xi'an Hi-tech Development Zone, P.R.CHINA 710075
or such other address or to such other person as any Party shall designate
to the other for such purpose in the manner hereinbefore set forth.
4.3 Merger
This instrument, together with the instruments referred to herein, contains all of the understandings and agreements of the Parties with respect to the subject matter discussed herein. All prior agreements whether written or oral are merged herein and shall be of no force or effect.
4.4 Survival
The several representations, warranties and covenants of the Parties contained herein shall survive the execution hereof and shall be effective regardless of any investigation that may have been made or may be made by or on behalf of any Party.
4.5 Severability
If any provision or any portion of any provision of this Agreement, other than one of the conditions precedent, or the application of such provision or any portion thereof to any person or circumstance shall be held invalid or unenforceable, the remaining portions of such provision, the remaining provisions of this Agreement, and the application of such provision or portion of such provision as is held invalid or unenforceable to persons or circumstances other than those to which it is held invalid or unenforceable, shall not be affected thereby.
4.6 Governing Law and Venue
This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware and any proceeding arising between the Parties in any matter pertaining or related to this Agreement shall, to the extent permitted by law, be held in the State of Delaware, and all of the parties executing this Agreement consent to the jurisdiction of such courts and shall not commence any action relating to this agreement in any other jurisdiction.
4.7 Indemnification
Each Party hereby irrevocably agrees to indemnify and hold the other Parties harmless from any and all liabilities and damages (including reasonable legal or other expenses incidental thereto), contingent or current to which they or any one of them may become subject as a direct, indirect or incidental consequence of any breach by the indemnifying Party of any of its representations or warranties set forth herein. In the event it becomes necessary to enforce this indemnity through an attorney, with or without litigation, the indemnified Party shall be entitled to recover from the indemnifying Party, all costs incurred including reasonable attorneys' fees throughout any negotiations, trials or appeals, whether or not any suit is instituted.
4.8 Litigation
In any action between the Parties to enforce any of the terms of this Agreement or any other matter arising from this Agreement, the prevailing Party shall be entitled to recover its costs and expenses, including reasonable attorneys' fees up to and including all negotiations, trials and appeals, whether or not litigation is initiated.
4.9 Benefit of Agreement
The terms and provisions of this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the Parties, their successors, assigns, personal representatives, estate, heirs and legatees.
4.10 Captions
The captions in this Agreement are for convenience and reference only and in no way define, describe, extend or limit the scope of this Agreement or the intent of any provisions hereof.
4.11 Number and Gender
All pronouns and any variations thereof shall be deemed to refer to the masculine, feminine, neuter, singular or plural, as the identity of the Party or Parties, or their personal representatives, successors and assigns may require.
4.12 Further Assurances
The Parties agree to do, execute, acknowledge and deliver or cause to be done, executed, acknowledged or delivered and to perform all such acts and deliver all such deeds, assignments, transfers, conveyances, powers of attorney, assurances, stock certificates and other documents, as may, from time to time, be required herein to effect the intent and purpose of this Agreement.
4.13 Status
Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed or shall constitute a partnership, joint venture, employer-employee relationship, lessor-lessee relationship, or principal-agent relationship.
4.14 Counterparts
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts. All executed counterparts shall constitute one Agreement notwithstanding that all signatories are not signatories to the original or the same counterpart. Facsimile signatures shall be deemed to be original for purposes of executing this Agreement.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have executed or caused this
Agreement to be executed effective as of the 20th day of April, 2004.
Signed, sealed and delivered
04/23/2004 REVERSE MERGER: Our Profile List stock Sun City Industries, Inc. (OTCBB: SCII 1.01 x 4.00) issued an 8K announcing they entered into an agreement to acquire all of the authorized issued and outstanding stock of Yangling Daiying Biological Engineering Co. Ltd. (YDBE), a corporation organized under the laws of the People's Republic of China, in exchange for 34,880,000 shares of the corporation's common stock which upon issuance will constitute approximately 87.2% of the corporation's issued and outstanding common stock.
Here is where you see the Group entering into a letter of intent with Shaanxi Yangling Daiying Biological Eng. But you need to page down to Page 29 to see it. - http://www.hkgem.com/newlistings/prospectuses/e_8031pro-20020522chap14.pdf
Speakers http://register.hugopacific.com/speakers.cfm
These are the confirmed speakers to date, more to follow later.
Speaker
Country
Institution
Ajit P Varki
USA
University of California, San Diego
Andy Futreal
UK
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Aravinda Chakravarti
USA
John Hopkins University School of Medicine
Carmencita Padilla
Philippines
National Institutes of Health Philippines
Charles Cantor
USA
Sequenom
Chia-Lin Wei
Singapore
Genome Institute of Singapore
Christopher Hogue
Canada
The Blueprint Initiative of Mount Sinai Hospital
Dennis Gilbert USA Applied Biosystems
Forest Rohwer
USA
San Diego State University
Giulia Kennedy
USA
Affymetrix
Gregory Riggins
USA
Duke University Medical Centre
Guo-Ping Zhao
China
Chinese National Human Genome Center, Shanghai
Hiroki R Ueda
Japan
Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN
Huck-Hui Ng
Singapore
Genome Institute of Singapore
Hyang-Sook Yoo
Korea
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
James Shen
Taiwan
Academia Sinica
Jay Tischfield
USA
Rutgers University
Jenefer Blackwell
UK
Cambridge Institute of Medical Research
Jianjun Liu
Singapore
Genome Institute of Singapore
John Mattick
Australia
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland
Jun Yu
China
Beijing Genomics Institute
Kam Man Hui
Singapore
National Cancer Centre
Kenneth Fischbeck
USA
National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke
Kuchan Kimm
Korea
National Institute of Health Republic of Korea, Seoul, Korea
Kyuyoung Song
Korea
University of Ulsan College of Medicine
Lance Miller
Singapore
Genome Institute of Singapore
Lap-Chee Tsui
Hong Kong
University of Hong Kong
Limsoon Wong
Singapore
Institute for Infocomm Research
Malcom Paterson
Singapore
Singapore Health Services and Singapore General Hospital
Mark Ragan
Australia
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland
Mark Seielstad
Singapore
Genome Institute of Singapore
Mary-Claire King
USA
University of Washington, School of Medicine
Masaru Tomita
Japan
Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University
Meena Sakharkar
Singapore
Nanyang Technological University
Mitsuo Itakura
Japan
The University of Tokushima
Nicholas J Schork
USA
University of California, San Diego
Oi-Lian Kon
Singapore
National Cancer Centre
Patrick Tan
Singapore
National Cancer Centre
Pawan Dhar
Singapore
Bioinformatics Institute
Raymond White
USA
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center
Richard Cotton
Australia
Genomic Disorders Research Centre
Robert Richards
Australia
Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide
Robert Saint
Australia
Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University
Robert Williamson
Australia
Murdoch Children’s Research Institute
Roberto Barrero
Japan
Japan Biologial Information Research Centre
Sai-Juan Chen
China
Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ru Jin Hospital
Sang Yup Lee
Korea
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Techonolgy
Sangkot Marzuki
Indonesia
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology
Simon Bennett
UK
Solexa Limited
Sumio Sugano
Japan
University of Tokyo
Sunghoon Kim
Korea
Seoul National University
Suthat Fucharoen
Thailand
Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development
Svante Paabo
Germany
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Takashi Gojobori
Japan
Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan
Takuya Ueda
Japan
University of Tokyo
Terry Kaan
Singapore
Bioethics Advisory Committee
Tony Frudakis
USA
DNA Print
Vladdimir Kuznetsov
Singapore
Genome Institute of Singapore
Yan Shen
China
Chinese National Human Genome Center, Beijing
Yijun Ruan
Singapore
Genome Institute of Singapore
Yoshihide Hayashizaki
Japan
RIKEN Yokohama Institute
Yoshiyuki Sakaki
Japan
RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center
Yuan-Tsong Chen
Taiwan
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
Zhu Chen
China
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Then this by worktoplay - What just happened...Back in April, a reorganization agreement was put in place, whereby Sun City would acquire the Chinese company in exchange for issuing 34,880,000 shares of common stock. That agreement was subject to the conditions listed below and as of this date has not closed.
Today's announcement moved Mannion out of the way and moved Charles Scimeca, the Consultant named below, into control of Sun City. So what should we expect to happen next?
ARTICLE THREE
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
3.1 Conditions to Closing
A. The obligations of each Party to this Agreement are subject to the condition precedent that the other Party's representations and warranties contained in this Agreement shall be true, correct and complete on and as of the date of Closing with the same effect as though such representations and warranties were made on and as of such date.
B. At the time of closing, all the original officers, directors, and employees of the Corporation shall have completed their legal resignations. (Done)
C. Prior to Closing, the Corporation's Director shall elect Dr. Tony N. Frudakis, Ph.D., Wenxia Guo, Peiyi Tian, Jianjun Liu, and Huimin Zhang to serve as members of the Board of Directors. Dr. Tony N. Frudakis shall serve as a director of the Board for the next two years without compensation. (Done)
D. The Corporation, as of the closing date, is fully reporting under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and is currently trading on the over the counter bulletin board (OTC-BB). (Done)
E. Concurrent with the Closing, the Corporation shall:
(i) Transfer 34,880,000 shares of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Corporation to the Subscriber;
(ii) Transfer 1,400,000 shares to be held in escrow for the benefit of Consultant or its assigns by Anslow & Jaclin, LLP until completion of funding for the post reorganized corporation of at least Four Million USD ($4,000,000) within four (4) months of the effective date of the registration statement on Form SB-2, or any other acceptable registration statement, to be paid for by the Corporation. If the Consultant or its assigns fails to raise the above amount of funds for the reorganized corporation within the above stipulated time, it shall result in the unconditional transfer of the 1,400,000 shares to the Subscriber, and shall forfeit its right to an additional three million warrants set forth hereinafter in 3.1 E(iii). If the Consultant or its assigns fulfills the funding responsibilities for Four Million USD ($4,000,000) set forth herein within the stipulated time, the Consultant or its assigns shall be entitled to the release of the 1,400,000 shares as well as an additional three million warrants as set forth. Any of the participants related to this Agreement shall not be entitled to transfer, deposit or deal with this 1,400,000 shares without prior written consent from the Consultant and Corporation (post reorganization).
(iii) The Consultant shall be responsible for providing sources in raising the four million (USD) in capital and the Corporation shall be responsible for completing the registration of shares noted on Schedule B with the Securities and Exchange Commission to register the shares noted on Schedule B.
Financing method:
(1) If the financing of at least $4 million is arranged by Consultant in equity capital of 4 million shares of the Subscriber and the final financing amount reaches $5,000,000 USD, $1 million or any part thereof of that amount exceeding $4 million USD shall be paid to Consultant and exclusively used on behalf of the Corporation for its business activities related to this Agreement (such as promotions). This amount shall be paid to Consultant to perform such services set forth in the Consulting Agreement. Any financing amount exceeding $5 million shall be owned by the Corporation (post reorganization); (2) If the financing is fulfilled by the Consultant's sources in a loan of up to $10 million at the current prevailing market rate with 4 million shares of the Subscriber as collateral, 1.5% of the loan amount exceeding the $ 4 million financing amount shall be granted as a service fee to the Consultant in a lump sum payment. Neither the shareholders, nor the Corporation, nor the consultant shall be entitled to transfer or deal with the 4 million shares as collateral.
The Financing herein before shall be SEC compliant and shall not cause lawsuits to the Corporation (post reorganization). Four (4) million shares of Subscriber's stock shall be registered and allocated for this purpose. In no event, shall the Consultant act as a broker/dealer in connection with such funding obtained as a result of Consultant's sources on behalf of Subscriber.
After fulfillment of funding responsibilities set forth in 3.1E(ii) set hereinbefore, Consultant shall be entitled to an additional three million warrants as follows:
500,000 shares at the exercise price of $.75 per share, when the price of the Corporation's (post reorganized) shares of common stock close at or above $.75 within four (4) months of the effective date of the registration statement filed with the SEC, or such warrants will expire worthless.
800,000 shares at an exercise price of $1.50 per share when the price of the Corporation's (post reorganized) shares of common stock closes at or above $1.50 within six (6) months of the effective date of the registration statement filed with the SEC, or such warrants will expire worthless.
900,000 shares at an exercise price of $2.50 per share when the price of the Corporation's (post reorganized) shares of common stock closes at or above $2.50 within nine (9) months of the effective date of the registration statement filed with the SEC, or such warrants will expire worthless.
800,000 shares at an exercise price of $3.50 per share when the price of the Corporation's (post reorganized) shares of common stock closes at or above $3.50 within 12 months of execution hereof or such warrants will expire worthless.
All 3,000,000 warrants will be structured with cashless exercise language and the shares underlying the warrants will be registered in a registration statement filed with the SEC.
As set forth in Section 1.2 D., the reorganized Corporation shall execute a Consulting Agreement with the Consultant which shall relate to the Consultant obtaining financing for the Corporation (post reorganization).
(iv) Change the name of the Company to CHINA BIOTECH & PHARMACEUTICAL CORP.; and
(v) Obtain shareholder approval for all of the above.
F. The Corporation (post reorganization) shall take all corporate actions necessary to form a wholly owned subsidiary and to allow Consultant to complete a spin-off transaction whereby the Corporation will spin-off approximately 95% of the subsidiary and distribute approximately 5% of the subsidiary's common stock to the Corporation's shareholders on a pro-rata basis. Consultant shall have full authority to structure this transaction and will bear all related costs. This action shall not take place within the initial thirty (30) days after closing of this transaction. This action will comply with all the relevant rules and regulation and will not cause any liabilities and damage to the reorganized Corporation. This provision shall survive the closing of this transaction.
G. The reorganized Corporation shall execute a Warrant Agreement with Consultant.
BTW, according to the announcement, George Frudakis "loaned" the money to Coast to Coast Equity to make the transaction. He doesn't appear to have any other stake at this time. Charles Scimeca is the sole director, officer and shareholder of Coast to Coast Equity Group, Inc.
And as per the statement above, "C. Prior to Closing, the Corporation's Director shall elect Dr. Tony N. Frudakis, Ph.D., Wenxia Guo, Peiyi Tian, Jianjun Liu, and Huimin Zhang to serve as members of the Board of Directors. Dr. Tony N. Frudakis shall serve as a director of the Board for the next two years without compensation.", looks like that part of the agreement was taken care of today along with the resignation of the Officer and Director.
This company looks like it's going to be raising some cash and it looks like it will be SERIOUS cash. I'd be looking for the SEC filing indicating a close to the transaction, then the funding of the company within four months.
Anyone want to take a shot at explaining Item F. above, having to do with, "The Corporation (post reorganization) shall take all corporate actions necessary to form a wholly owned subsidiary and to allow Consultant to complete a spin-off transaction whereby the Corporation will spin-off approximately 95% of the subsidiary and distribute approximately 5% of the subsidiary's common stock to the Corporation's shareholders on a pro-rata basis..."???
Looks like one of those "big" moves to me, but I guess we'll have to just wait and see...
Next for Sun Citys is - Form 8-K for SUN CITY INDUSTRIES INC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6-Jul-2004
Changes in Control of Registrant and Resignation of Director
Item 1. Changes in Control of Registrant
On June 30, 2004, Coast to Coast Equity Group, Inc., a Floridacorporation, purchased 1,000,000 shares of the common stock of Sun CityIndustries, Inc., in a private stock purchase agreement from Michael Manion forand in consideration of $375,000, which funds were loaned to Coast to Coast byGeorge Frudakis. At the closing of the purchase agreement, there were 1,056,802shares of common stock issued and outstanding therefore Coast to Coast EquityGroup owns approximately 94.6% of the voting securities of the registrant.Charles Scimeca is the sole director, officer and shareholder of Coast to CoastEquity Group, Inc.
Item 6. Resignation of Registrant's Directors.
Michael Manion has resigned as President effective noon on June 28, 2004. Healso has tendered his resignation as sole Director, effective noon on June 28,2004.
Dr. Tony Frudakis has been appointed as President and a Director of theregistrant effective June 30, 2004. Since 1999 to 2003, Dr. Frudakis has beenCEO, President, Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of the Board of DNAPrintgeonomics. Presently, he is Chief Scientific Officer of DNAPrint located inSarasota, Florida. Dr. Frudakis will devote such time as is necessary to theregistrant's operations.
First we have Aries4747 - We've all been asleep at the wheel! Check out the line-up of Tony's new endeavor. Here's the link to an incredible amount of info, especially the SC13D and Pre14C:
http://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0000095302&owner=include
HISTORY BEHIND THE CONSENT
The Board and Management of the Company
Before the Consent was executed, Michael Manion was the sole director and officer of the Corporation. The Corporation entered into a Reorganization Agreement through Michael Manion as President, a copy of which has been attached hereto as Exhibit D, wherein the Corporation is acquiring all the authorized issued and outstanding of YangLing Daiying Biological Engineering Company, Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the Peoples Republic of China in exchange for 34,880,000 of the Corporation’s Common Stock, which upon issuance would constitute approximately 87.2% of the Corporation’s issued and outstanding Common Stock. Subsequent to closing, the former Holders of YangLing Daiying Biological Engineering Company, Ltd. shall obtain voting control over the Corporation upon issuance of the above referenced shares. On June 30, 2004, Coast to Coast Equity Group, Inc., a Florida corporation, purchased 1,000,000 shares of common stock from Michael Manion in a private stock purchase agreement for the sum of $375,000.00, which funds were loaned to Coast to Coast by George Frudakis. George Frudakis is the father of Dr. Tony Frudakis, now President and Director of Sun City Industries and Charles Scimeca is the sole Director, Officer and shareholder of Coast to Coast Equity Group, Inc. Effective June 28, 2004, Michael Manion resigned as President and Director of Sun City.
Current Director
Dr. Tony Frudakis, age 37, received a Bachelor of Science degree Magna Cum Laude in 1990 from University of California, Irvine in Biological Sciences and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1995 in Molecular and Cell Biology. From 1999 to 2003 he has been Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Scientific Officer, Chairman of the Board of DNAPrint geonomics. Presently, he is Chief Scientific Officer of this company which is located in Sarasota, Florida. From 1998 to 1999 he was CEO/Chief Scientific Officer of GAFF Biologic in Sarasota, Florida.
Proposed Directors
1. Wenxia Guo, age 35, is currently Chairman of the Board of YangLing Daiying Biological Engineering Company, Ltd. (YangLing). She graduated from law department of Xi’an Jiaotong University. She has successfully founded and operated three pharmaceutical companies since 1990.
2. Peiyi Tian, age 41, graduated from Financial and Accounting Department of Shaanxi Provincial Commercial Institute in 1982. He has been General Financial Supervisor, Deputy Managing Director of YangLing Daiying Bioengineering Co. Ltd. from 2001 to present. Previously, he was chief of Financial Section of Shaanxi Daiying Bioengineering Co. Ltd. from June 2001 to November 2001. He was Chief of Financial Section of Xi’an Huahai Medical Information Technical Shareholding Co. Ltd. from March 2000 to June 2001. He was Chief of Financial Section of Shaanxi Bailong Group Shareholding Co. Ltd (Listed company) from May 1991 to March 2000.
3. Jianjun Liu, age 36, graduated from Computer Department of Northwest Polytechnical University in 1987. From 2000 to present, he was Chairman of the Board of Shaanxi Daze Film & Advertising Co. Ltd., Chief of YangLing Ruizhide Biotech Research Institute, Chairman of Board Xi’an Jinyou Sci-Tech Investment Management Co., Ltd., and from 1994 to 2000, he was Chairman of the Board of Shaanxi Daiying Trade Company.
4. Huimin Zhang, age 52, graduated from the Economic Management Department of Northwest University in 1987. From 2002 until present she was Independent Director of Shaanxi Saide Hi-tech Biology Co., Ltd. and at YangLing Daiying Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. From 2001-2002, she was manager of Shaanxi Qinpeng Technology Co., Ltd. From 1975 to 2001 she was on the staff of Shaanxi Industrial Art Machinery Plant and Shaanxi Light Industrial Press, and Section Chief Shaanxi Light Industrial Administration Bureau.
Ming, All the post i listed have info. in the post or a web site where it all be seem for review.I will try to update this very info. here and now for further review its worth the effort.
Wisdom of the day - Be noble-minded! Our own heart, and not other men's opinions of us, forms our true honor.
Ming i dont think so.All that info. can be found in the post i posted its not my fault some dont want to read what i post nor is it my concern.
aries4747,I posted all this info. before on Sun Citys Industries.See posts # 15489,15497,15482,15483,15365,15363,15361,15358,15359,15380,15381,15477,15494,15498,15489.Sun Citys is really Yangling Daiying Biological Eng. who are The "GROUP" .The "GROUP" is really "Kinetana" and the Sim Bio Das tm Technology that Sun City is using {Tony}.
Gcbr,Ya go get em.Nice post. EOM
eb0783, Very well said.Thankyou.EOM
cosmiclifeform,well put. EOM
Todays wisdom - Ralph Waldo Emerson sums it up best:
What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. This rule, equally arduous in actual and intellectual life, may serve for the whole distinction between greatness and meanness. It is the harder, because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great person is one who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.
Todays wisdom - Rotten wood cannot be carved.
GlaxoSmithKline & Dnap Via Paul McKeigue
"We are collaborating with other researchers in the Caribbean region", Tony has said the very same thing.And it cant get more plain than this we are working with GlaxoSmithKline.
Better take a good at this - Our research on admixture mapping is supported by the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council, the Arthritis Research Campaign, and GlaxoSmithKline. We are working closely with the Department of Anthropology, Penn State University on the application of admixture mapping to African-American populations, and on the development of marker sets for admixture mapping. We are collaborating with other researchers in the Caribbean region.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/ncdeu/genetics/
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Current research
The main focus of our research is on admixture mapping. This is a novel approach to finding genes that underlie ethnic variation in disease risk, based on studying populations of mixed descent. Admixture mapping is based on the same principles as linkage analysis of an experimental cross between inbred strains. Using panels of markers that are chosen to be highly informative for ancestry, it is possible in principle to extend this approach to admixed human populations where the history of admixture is not under experimental control and the ancestral populations are not inbred strains [19]. Our work in this area is an extension of earlier work on the epidemiology of ethnic variation in risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
The advantage of admixture mapping, in comparison with conventional approaches to localizing disease genes based on family linkage studies, is that in principle it has far greater power than family linkage studies to detect genes of modest effect. This is because admixture mapping is a based on a direct (fixed effects) comparison, whereas family linkage studies are based on an indirect (random effects) statistical comparison. Applying admixture mapping to search the genome requires development of statistical methods that can be applied to phenotypic traits and marker data to extract the information about genetic linkage that is generated by admixture. We have developed a first working version of ADMIXMAP, a statistical analysis program that can be used to model admixture and to test for linkage. This program is based on a Bayesian approach in which the posterior distribution of parental admixture and individual ancestry at each locus is generated by Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation [8].
Our research on admixture mapping is supported by the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council, the Arthritis Research Campaign, and GlaxoSmithKline. We are working closely with the Department of Anthropology, Penn State University on the application of admixture mapping to African-American populations, and on the development of marker sets for admixture mapping. We are collaborating with other researchers in the Caribbean region.
ADMIXMAP program
This is a general-purpose program for modelling admixture, using marker genotypes and trait data on a sample of individuals from an admixed population (such as African-Americans), where the markers have been chosen to have extreme differentials in allele frequencies between two or more of the ancestral populations between which admixture has occurred. The main difference between ADMIXMAP and classical programs for estimation of admixture such as ADMIX is that ADMIXMAP is based on a multilevel model for the distribution of individual admixture in the population and the stochastic variation of ancestry on hybrid chromosomes. This makes it possible to model the associations of ancestry between linked marker loci, and the association of a trait with individual admixture or with ancestry at a linked marker locus.
Possible uses of the ADMIXMAP program
Modelling the distribution of individual admixture values and the history of admixture (inferred by modelling the stochastic variation of ancestry along chromosomes).
Case-control, cross-sectional or cohort studies that test for a relationship between disease risk and individual admixture
Localizing genes underlying ethnic differences in disease risk by admixture mapping
Controlling for population structure (variation in individual admixture) in genetic association studies so as to eliminate associations with unlinked genes
Reconstructing the genetic structure of an ancestral population where unadmixed modern descendants are not available for study
ADMIXMAP can model admixture between more than two populations, and can use data from multi-allelic or biallelic marker polymorphisms. The program has been developed for application to admixed human populations, but can also be used to model admixture in livestock or for fine mapping of quantitative trait loci in outbred stocks of mice.
A manual for the program is available which describes the statistical model in more detail. Downloads of the program compiled for various platforms are also available. We recommend that before trying to run the program, you consult us first about your requirements.
Download ADMIXMAP
ADMIXMAP documentation
Download ADMIXMAP for Linux admix-1.2-linux.tar.gz
Download ADMIXMAP for Windows
ADMIXMAP tutorial for Windows
ADMIXMAP tutorial (HTML) (pdf)
EUDRAGENE: European collaboration to establish a case-control DNA collection for studying the genetic basis of adverse drug reactions
The specific objectives of this proposed collection is to establish a freely-shared case-control collection of DNA samples as a resource for studying genetic predictors of adverse drug reactions. Identifying genetic variants that influence susceptibility to adverse reactions will advance understanding of the molecular basis of adverse drug reactions and may also lead to the development of tests that can predict individual susceptibility to adverse reactions, with obvious benefits to human health. This study has received infrastructure funding for 3 years (starting Jan 03) from the EC 5th Framework Quality of Life Program.
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are important causes of morbidity and mortality, limit the usefulness of many otherwise effective drugs, and are under strong genetic influence. Identifying genetic variants that influence susceptibility to ADRs has obvious practical applications, and more generally will contribute to understanding of the molecular basis of adverse drug reactions. Research in this area is hampered by the lack of a resource in which to study genetic determinants of susceptibility to ADRs. As most such ADRs are rare, a case-control design is the only feasible approach, and a multicentre European collaboration is necessary as no single country will generate enough cases of any given ADR within a reasonable time.
We propose to establish a freely-shared resource consisting of clinical data and DNA samples from cases of ADRs, together with a control group. In the first year we plan to select for study an initial set of six ADRs that are important because they cause serious illness in a small minority of those exposed to drugs that are otherwise more effective than any alternative, and that are easily identified because they have distinctive manifestations that are not related to the disease for which the drug was prescribed. At least 500 cases of each ADR will be collected, together with an equal number of controls. The collection will be extended to include more ADRs after the first 1-2 years, based on problems of current concern.
Other Software
prepKbio1.1.zip - Windows program for: concatenating multiple Kbioscience results into a single file, reordering the loci into the order they appear on the chromosome, and adding pedigree information to the Kbioscience results. SnpViewer can then be used to turn this single set of results into text file in the pedfile format, which is a data format required by many genetic analysis programs. Full instructions on how to use prepKbio come with the program. If you have any problems email: Richard.Sharplshtm.ac.uk
Recent publications
Hoggart CJ, Parra EJ, Shriver MD, Bonilla C, Kittles RA, Clayton DG, McKeigue PM. Control of confounding of genetic associations in stratified populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, in press.
Colhoun HM, McKeigue PM, Davey Smith G. Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes. Lancet. 2003 Mar 8;361(9360):865-72. Review.
Shriver MD, Parra EJ, Dios S, Bonilla C, Norton H, Jovel C, Pfaff C, Jones C, Massac A, Cameron N, Baron A, Jackson T, Argyropoulos G, Jin L, Hoggart CJ, McKeigue PM, Kittles RA. Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping. Hum Genet. 2003 Apr;112(4):387-99.
Molokhia M, Hoggart C, Patrick AL, Shriver M, Parra E, Ye J, Silman AJ, McKeigue PM. Relation of risk of systemic lupus erythematosus to west African admixture in a Caribbean population. Hum Genet. 2003 Mar;112(3):310-8.
Reynolds RM, Chapman KE, Seckl JR, Walker BR, McKeigue PM, Lithell HO. Skeletal muscle glucocorticoid receptor density and insulin resistance. JAMA. 2002 May 15;287(19):2505-6.
Clayton D, McKeigue PM. Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases. Lancet. 2001 Oct 20;358(9290):1356-60. Review.
Molokhia M, McKeigue PM, Cuadrado M, Hughes G. Systemic lupus erythematosus in migrants from west Africa compared with Afro-Caribbean people in the UK. Lancet. 2001 May 5;357(9266):1414-5.
McKeigue PM, Carpenter JR, Parra EJ, Shriver MD. Estimation of admixture and detection of linkage in admixed populations by a Bayesian approach: application to African-American populations. Ann Hum Genet. 2000 Mar;64(Pt 2):171-86.
Parra EJ, Kittles RA, Argyropoulos G, Pfaff CL, Hiester K, Bonilla C et al. Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African-Americans living in South Carolina. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2001;114:18-29.
Pfaff CL, Parra EJ, Bonilla C, Hiester K, McKeigue PM, Kamboh MI, Hutchinson RG, Ferrell RE, Boerwinkle E, Shriver MD. Population structure in admixed populations: effect of admixture dynamics on the pattern of linkage disequilibrium. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jan;68(1):198-207.
McKeigue PM. Multipoint admixture mapping. Genet Epidemiol. 2000 Dec;19(4):464-7.
Molokhia M, McKeigue P. Risk for rheumatic disease in relation to ethnicity and admixture. Arthritis Res. 2000;2(2):115-25. Review.
McKeigue PM. Efficiency of estimation of haplotype frequencies: use of marker phenotypes of unrelated individuals versus counting of phase-known gametes. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Dec;67(6):1626-7.
Aitman TJ, Cooper LD, Norsworthy PJ, Wahid FN, Gray JK, Curtis BR, McKeigue PM, Kwiatkowski D, Greenwood BM, Snow RW, Hill AV, Scott J. Malaria susceptibility and CD36 mutation. Nature. 2000 Jun 29;405(6790):1015-6.
Zoratti R, Godsland IF, Chaturvedi N, Crook D, Crook D, Stevenson JC, McKeigue PM. Relation of plasma lipids to insulin resistance, nonesterified fatty acid levels, and body fat in men from three ethnic groups: relevance to variation in risk of diabetes and coronary disease. Metabolism. 2000 Feb;49(2):245-52.
Davey G, Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Hitman GA, McKeigue PM. Familial aggregation of central obesity in Southern Indians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Nov;24(11):1523-7.
Forouhi N, Jenkinson G, Thomas EL, Mierisova S, Bhonsle J, McKeigue PM et al. Relation of triglyceride stores in skeletal muscle cells to central obesity and insulin sensitivity in South Asian and European men. Diabetologia 1999;42:932-5.
McKeigue PM. Ethnic variation in insulin resistance and risk of Type 2 diabetes. In: Reaven G, Laws A, eds. Insulin Resistance, Totowa, NJ: Humana, 1999: 35-51.
Al-Mahroos F, McKeigue PM. High prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Bahrainis: associations with ethnicity and raised plasma cholesterol. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 936-42.
McKeigue PM. Mapping genes that underlie ethnic differences in disease risk: methods for detecting linkage in admixed populations by conditioning on parental admixture. American Journal of Human Genetics 1998; 63: 241-51.
McKeigue PM. Mapping genes underlying ethnic differences in disease risk by linkage disequilibrium in recently admixed populations. American Journal of Human Genetics 1997; 60: 188-96.