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They are there, believe me. A whole bunch got pushed over into Midland, etc.. but you can still see log cabins if you drive offroad, hear bric a brac polyphoned, and see the odd red coloured emblemed toque in the ditch. Sometimes if you follow a trail of broken corn cob pipes you will find the owbner perched on the front porch of his squatter's cabin frying up a mess of catfish, back bacon and dried caribou on his coleman stove. There is generally a deer skull nailed to the cabin door as a talisman of bonno chansoso.
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Due process inherently means the defendent has a right to a trial without having to give evidence himself in person. That it may not be understood that the Magna Carta guarantess due process and law does not need explicit protection against self incrimination or clearing of name so to speak, is a weakness of interpretation. It is obvious that any requirement of presentation of proof on the part of the crown precludes necessary interrogation of the defense. It may have to be explicity enshrined in right as that point is arguable at present. Right now a trial judge may require a defense witness to answer a particular question when he elects to testify in Canada. This point is hotly debated. Does a defense witness give up all right of non incrimination if he elects to testify? In the USA, when require d to appear before a grand jury, it would seem that it is necessary to enter a plea of protection, i.e. the fifth amendment, as the state may call the witness directly to appear and answer. In Canada testimony has never been required of a defendant, but assumption of guilt in non answering a particular interrogation has never been disallowed in and of itself.
http://rcarterpittman.org/essays/Bill_of_Rights/Privilege_Against_Self-Incrimination.html
The Glorious Revolution should not be viewed as a triumph of democracy as we understand the word today. Instead, it shifted the site of power from the English monarch to Parliament, a body that represented the interests of the English elite. The Revolution thus established a constitutional monarchy and an aristocracy that would endure at least until the first Franchise Act of 1832, and even beyond to the outbreak of world war in 1914. This being said, Common Law courts emerged from the Revolution as vehicles for protecting the rights of English citizens against despotic power. The independence of judges, the autonomy of jurors to reach verdicts based on the evidence, and the rights of due process (e.g., freedom from self-incrimination, access to counsel) were all undeniable gains made possible by the Revolution. These were fundamental tenets of an ancient tradition of law, given new life in 1688, which dated back to the era of Henry II and the primogenitors of the Common Law.
"The real explanation of the colonial convention's insistence upon it (the constitutional privilege) would seem to be found in the agitation then going on in France against the inquisitional feature of the Ordinance of 1670 (compulsory self-incrimination in effect more than a century). There appears no allusions, in Elliott's Debates on the Constitution to the contemporary French movement but the delegates who had been over there must have known about it."
Professor Wigmore goes on to say:
"The proposals of reforms laid before the French Constitutional Assembly from the provinces, in 1789, show how strong was the popular agitation. The Third Estates in every district, in their 'cashiers' sent up to Paris had voted to abolish compulsory sworn interrogation of the accused."(5)
"Torture was not mentioned in the Petition of Right, or in any of the statutes framed by the Long Parliament. No member of the Convention of 1689 dreamed of proposing that the instrument which called the Prince and Princess of Orange to the throne should contain a declaration against the using of racks and thumbscrews for the purpose of forcing prisoners to accuse themselves. Such a declaration would have been justly regarded as weakening rather than strengthening a rule which--had been proudly declared by the most illustrious sages of Westminster Hall to be a distinguishing feature of the English jurisprudence."(53)
"No man shall be forced by torture to confess any crime against himself nor any other unlesse it be in some capital case where he is first fullie convicted by clear and suffitient evidence to be guilty, after which if the cause be of that nature that it is very apparent there be other conspirators or confederates with him, then he may be tortured, yet not with such torture as be barbarous and inhumane."(56)
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Great Charter
http://faculty.ncwc.edu/mstevens/410/410lect02.htm
Self incrimination rights do not extend to physical evidence such as blood samples, finger prints, handwriting samples, or police lineup procedures. However, lie detector procedures are viewed as testimonial evidence and are covered by self incrimination rights.
Procedural due process requires that government follow fair procedures in both criminal and civil cases and administrative proceedings affecting individual private interests.
* The Due Process Clause prohibits arbitrary or capricious behavior by government. Its roots run back to the 1215 Magna Carta, but it has never been precisely defined. It requires conformance with established rules and practices - a constantly evolving standard. Monk explains:
"Due process has two categories: substantive and procedural. Under substantive due process, the content of a law must itself be fair; under procedural due process, the rules by which a law is implemented must be fair."
The substantive due process requirement is a modern concept that has had much more use under the Fourteenth Amendment which applies to the states, so the author offers little content at this point.
&
Procedural due process requires that government follow fair procedures in both criminal and civil cases. In criminal cases, this includes the presumption of innocence and the "beyond any reasonable doubt" burden of proof imposed on prosecutors. In civil cases, fair procedure includes notice and a hearing whenever government actions conflict with private interests. Contests over government benefits (and other administrative agency decisions that impact private interests) must meet basic due process requirements.
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6.75 par hora.
That looks like New York Breccia. There is miles of that stuff on tenth avenue.
Windigo is the big problem alright. Most people believe old mines are haunted and they won't go near them. They get all whitefaced and sweaty when you mention the word "old mine".. you can see they are scared of ghosts from the stopes.. but I figured out all those knocks and rock falling is from plain ordinary swamp rats that get into the stopes, and then become stope rats. they chew thru cables and hose and sneak up on miners and bit them in the back of the oilers..
We need more purification ceremonies..
At one time people were excited to go into the north woods and find gold.. now a bunch of two bit city suits have them convinced that it is all a scam... but take them into a claim and pan gold for them and they want to steal the mine on you..
There is money to be made.. the trick is to be tricky and outwit WHEREDIDTHEMONEYGO!
Evil goddamned spirit...
Sure, just slow your car down and look in the ditches and you will see them. Now how many people slow down on the 400 to be able to do that? So...? are you surprised?
The cyanide plant was invented in 1890.
They had bromide and chlorine gas leaching of gold ore in 1870.
Before that they had gravity concentration, with machines called buddles, developed in England.
http://www.littletongov.org/history/othertopics/leyner.asp
They had a type of rotary drill for drilling rock which used rock dust and a wooden drill about 1500.
1905 equipment manufacturing plant.
Modern mining milestones...
http://www.asme.org/Communities/History/Resources/Industrial_Resources.cfm
1849 Mine equipment powered by compressed air in Britain, Govan Colliery. (Glasgow, Britain) 52
1849 Dense-air compression machine (air refrigerator) invented. (John Gorrie, Charleston, SC) 57
1850 Britain adopts Coal Mines Inspection Act. (Britain) 52
1850 Steam-powered rock drill invented: nearly modern. (Charles Fowle, Boston) 52
1850 - 1900 Coal cutter machinery (H4) stimulated by electrical power and transmission development. 52
1850 Oil refining begins. 53
1852 Coal-cutting (chain) Disc machine patented: makes vertical shearing cuts at sides of heading. (Waring, Britain) 52
1853 1,600 tons of ice a day produced: double-acting vacuum and compression pump with sulfuric ether. (Alex. Twining, New Haven, Conn) 57
1854 First deep gas well sunk at Erie (1,200 feet deep). (Erie, Pa) 52
1854 First self-contained breathing apparatus: predates gas-mask for mining rescue work. (Schwann) 54
1856 Aniline dye (mauve) discovered: leads to rise of coal-tar industry. (Wm Henry Perkins, Germany) 51
1857 Chilled meat exported: uses vapor-compression machine. (James Harrison, Australia) 57
1859 Drake strikes oil: launches US oil industry*. (Edwin Drake, Titusville, Pa) 52
1860 ca. Septic tank principle used in Automatic Scavenger. (L Mouras, France) 55
1860 Ammonia absorption machine. (F P E Carre, France) 57
1861 Kerosene made from oil entirely displaces the product from coal in the US. (US) 51
1861 Gas producer devised: recognized as successful. (K W Siemens) 51
1862 Rotary diamond core drill patented: in France and Britain. (Rodolphe Leschot, France) 52
1862 Air refrigerator improved: regenerator added. (Kirk) 57
1863 Turbine-powered Disc machine for coal cutting patented: improvement added with rotary action. (Thomas Harrison, Durham, Britain) 52
1863 Oil refining in Cleveland develops. (John D Rockefeller, Cleveland) 53
1867 - 1870 Steam-gas generating apparatus patented: used for illuminating. (Hiram S Maxim, Fitchburg, Mass) 51
1868 Compressed-air plant built to refrigerate food (limited power). (Paris) 57
1870 ca. Diamond-drill channeling machine devised for quarrying stone, especially marble. (Albert Ball, Windsor, Vt) 52
1870 ca. Disintegrator for coal crushing developed. (Carr) 52
1871 American Institute of Mining Engineers founded. (US) 52
1871 American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc, (AIME) formed. (New York) 52
1871 Rock drill patented: improved by Henry C Sergeant 1885-1886. (Simon Ingersoll, New York) 52
1872 Ammonia-compression machine for producing ice invented. (David Boyle) 57
1873 Water-gas process, by Tessie du Motay and Thaddeus Lowe, developed. (Motay andLowe, US) 51
1873 Open-cycle air machines made: proposed by Kelvin and Rankine, 1852. (Giffard) 57
1873 - 1875 Refrigerated warehouses (NYC and London) and commercial transatlantic ship built (CELTIC). (Carroll L Riker, New York) 57
1873 - 1876 Ammonia-compression system for (brewery) refrigeration: based on vapor compression work. (Carl von Linde, Munich) 57
1875 ca. Cyclic gas generator produces 'blue water gas' and continuous fixed-bed gas producers developed. 51
1876 Pioneer Oil Refinery* begins commercial refinery operations: first in West. (Andrews Station, Calif) 53
1877 Successful refrigerator car patented. (Joel Tiffany, US) 57
1878 Dry-air compressor patented: reciprocating three-stage with water jackets, etc. (Peter Brotherhood, Britain) 52
1879 Proto breathing apparatus produced: early gas-mask device for mining rescue work. (Fleuss) 54
1880 - 1899 Standard cable-tool drilling developed; rotary grinding and drilling (oil production) is introduced in 1890s. 52
1880 ca. Open-cycle air machine made. (Bell and Coleman) 57
1884 Apparatus for radial-axis system of coal mining patented. (Wm L Saunders) 52
1886 First patent for cracking. (Benton, Titusville, Pa) 53
1886 - 1900 Apparatus to detect and record deadly gases patented: used worldwide, especially for mining. (Thomas Shaw, Pennsylvania) 54
1888 Electric machinery for soft-coal mines manufactured: generators, locomotives, undercutters, etc. (Elmer A Sperry) 52
1888 Westinghouse acquires rights to Telsa's induction motor and Polyphase system. (Telsa, Westinghouse, US) 59
1888 Patent for polyphase induction motor (AC electrification) issued. (Nikola Tesla) 59
1891 Wilkinson automatic mechanical stoker invented: used on ocean liners and in large factories. (Alfred Wilkinson, Philadelphia) 59
1892 Large-scale experimental plant to extract pure nickel erected. (Ludwig Mond, Smethwick) 53
1893 Method for underground distribution and recovery of anhydrous ammonia patented. (John Edwin Starr, St Louis) 57
1895 Septic tank manufactured and patented: resulting gas used as fuel for illumination. (D Cameron, Britain) 55
1895 Machine for air liquefaction constructed: produces commercially pure oxygen. (Karl von Linde, Munich) 57
1897 Fixed platform for offshore drilling patented; S Lewis develops mobile platform. (Thomas F Rowland, off Calif) 52
1897 - 1907 Leyner hammer drill introduced: replaces piston drills by 1907 (invented 1902, patented 1903-04--A2). (J George Leyner, Littleton, Colo) 52
1898 Scientific forestry program begins with establishment of US Bureau of Forestry, conservation movement. (Gifford Pinchot, US) 50
1899 Open pit mining pioneered by Daniel Jackling and Robt Gremmel: adopted at Bingham copper mine in 1910. (Jackling, Gremmel, Utah) 52
1899 Refuse Act administered by Army Corps of Engineers: Act of 1972 transferred control to EPA. (US) 55
top 20th Century
1900 Drilling method for raising sulfur from deep deposits developed. (Herman Frasch, US) 52
well I had thot it was true, and if it isn't it should be...
When we can to this great land it was to be sustained by symbols of great chieftains.. of our past, and this reverence for our ancestors is celebrated every day by the holiest of ceremonies, where we trade in symbols, and give gifts to each other. And we pay obeisance to those who clever in ceremony become the most holy and collect the most symbols unto themselves. They celebrate the greatest our ancestors, so they have great building to hold all their symbols, and as they grow older and more prosperous and holy, they climb up into these great temples unto the sky.
We are the most reverent of peoples, and we go nowhere but to accumulate many symbols of the chiefs. If an expedition will not achieve much exchange of symbols of chiefs, then we go not.
Now that we are talking about lines in the sand, the only real line I know about... and this is a shameful thing, is the one round about Landsdowne house, where the fr and en, used to duke it out with muskets over who had the biggest patch of fur.. or something like that.
In fact all or really northern ontario was english and all of southern ontario was fr. About 1730 they flipped it completely on its head and built York. this is what started the flq. if you stop your car sometimes you will see them hiding out in the ditches along the 400, with their colourful hats and sashes, corn cob pipes. good know what they do to survive. I think they mostly hunt carcajou in the woods...
now some people think this is very funny, but a certain percentage of my friends who always had quaint expressions like "close the light.." just look at me with this blank stare when I relate that.. I guess they don't believe people actually live in the woods.. I guess it's a modern conceit...
This is obviously not Cree humour. Those are all Algonquin/Inuit jokes translated into French, interpreted in Portugese by day labourers doing contract work on radio towers in Piganikum, who frequent a booze can where they play poker with a Russian head waiter. His lawyer was trolling the restaurant washroom for personal injury complaints and overheard the waiter telling these stories to a party of Texans arranging investment into an abo pipeline deal outside Edmonton. This explains the estoric references to contract law ex parte.
You are really starting to stir up trouble aren't you?
Anyway you should know that a feather purification ceremony was held and the mine was blessed by gitchi manitou. The ceremony went on into the night, where the mine investors were anointed with waters of life and later they held the ceremony of the morning of moaning. Finally the ceremony of passing of paper symbols of dead chieftains was performed once more with the great chief and the council. In addition a solemn tradition which has a history as old as this great land itself, in a formal act representing beginnings, the grand chief built a new house and bought a new Cadillac. This makes it very auspicious that the mine will be successful.
EC<:-}
Braccae illae virides cum subucula rosea et tunica Caledonia-quam elenganter concinnatur!
Cave ne ante ullas catapultas ambules
It is the nicest thing anyone has ever said about him, so for the life of me, I can't see how he was offended.
But, on the off chance it riled his sense of royal privilege, allow me to humbly abase myself and beg his forgiveness with all due contrition. If he were the slightest bit piqued I would no doubt have to take out additional life insurance and hide in a foreign country for a few decades. But outside of that let me testify to the unimpeachable fact that before god and behind man, he is one hell of a nice guy otherwise.
I figured if I really pissed him off, he might go and buy up the entire float of RMKL just to prove a point.
Then I could get rid of my stock at a decent profit.
EC<:-}
Antiquis temporibus, nati tibi similes in rupibus ventosissimis exponebantur ad necem.
:)
peculatory mordant.
I can see I bring out the pedagogue in people.
"Taurus excreta cerebrum vincit"
I have never been damned with such faint praise! Coming from a bastard of such fine dimension, I must say that is a heady compliment indeed.
Smiles and Chuckles..
EC<:-}
hmmmmmm...that stuff looks like sulphides actually...
my eyeballs must have gone all ju-ju....
what is the scale of the divisions in the field?
I see porcie has gone into a sulk. tsk tsk.. good man but he has to loosen up the purse strings and get into the game. he does tend to see the market when it drops. that is a point in his favour.. on the other hand, the trick is to also see it before it rises.. this is a point that is in heated debate right now.. pullback or prelude to another bull. I must admit my cb is a tad cloudy.
Saw keith b on the street the other day. the man who started it all. said he was off the board. either to pursue explo man or other stuff. dunno. obviously the financial wolves were following his spoor down the street..
61 62 and 63 looked good. Looking for that strike extension.
I can see at a glance that the fotografed gentlemen lack cargo because of their relative agricultural inefficiency.
The small guy with the bow could have been me 40 years ago without perhaps the technological pretension or knowledge of influence possibility on the world stage, however the large hirsute male directly behind him is only the outward manifestation of the atavistic demonization of the spirit of our family's worst impulses. (I mean this with all subjective projection subject to fictional interpretation.. relativistic reality has not been addressed)
no profanity, crudity, character assass intended.
I know where I have not been too.
I was admiring your pecuniously acquisitorial efficiency, perhaps you misunderstood awe for derision.
May the man with the most money when he dies be the victor.
cheap bastard is my highest compliment.
http://www.godlessbastard.com/FamousBastards.html
More in the same vein.
it was in the fall.. there was no leaves turning at that time.. warm fall. the red may be poison as it is close to the vein, and there is no shortage of moly in that vein.. yes, that is blue grey molybdenum.. not a trace of copper. moly and quartz... rare and precious...
I know you are a cheap bastard, but you might want to buy some shares as a contribution to the Canadian economy and maybe give some miners some jobs.. you should like the shares, they are cheap too.. :)
just kidding...
actually moly is a poison to vegetation at high levels, and will, if very rich turn certain conifers orange. I have seen examples of this. It is rare however.
However moly is very insoluble so that does not extend to it being a general environmental hazard.
it is necessary to have a certain amount of moly in trace amounts in vegetation.
The vegetation in the area of the rox vein is not that lush. There is no noticeable difference in the grwoth although some leaves may be discoloured by the metal. It is the site of an old burn, so it is hard to tell.
West end of Vein
Rich Nugget of Molybdenum
Site of Bulk Sample (Is the orange vegetation in the foreground moly poisoning?)
the important thing, or one of the important things is the metallurgy. It is just molybdenum and quartz. You cannot get a "sweeter" ore than that. it is simple. easy. pure concentrate. high value. no subtractions. no other sulphides. high grade. easy to block out, easy to mine, and easy to concentrate.
We give them a new mission in life so they can cleanse and purify the planet.
How do you respond to that?
EC<:-}
hmmmmmm..... the yukam is on a placement with glow in the dark potentiation.
whoulda thot?
(coming to you from profound commentary dot com, deep observations and sagacious cant for extree profit thereof.)
"And of the 5 holes reported, most hit gold."
That is important. To mine 0.4 grams you need really good metallurgy and lots of the stuff. Rip and heap leach only gets 70% recovery, if that, ignoring the nugget effect. Full milling in that grade would require a 50,000 tonne per day mill. Remember that is $8.35 ore!! Scale needs are major.
In truth they need at least 1 gram to start gaining attention. The large Canadian gold open pits are approaching 2 grams. We have one that is 11 million tons of 2 grams. We don't intend to open pit it, though.
1 gram may be possible with nuggets. 20 dollars stuff can be handled with moderate scale of perhaps 15,000 to 30,000 tons a day full mill. Rip and heap leach at much smaller scale. If the ore is refractory as many Pac Rim ores are, they need some special flotaion treatment or large scale roast or autoclave. Can be done. Just have to know what you are doing. Geos are not always up on this stuff.
It's early stages on the probing work to depth. Lots of strike to play with. Hopeful hands might take a moment to reflect at the pew that Aurelian found a mighty capped deposit about 2 kilometres from a one kilometre long one gram fairly wide zone that was attracting no attention.
To compare the present SUR thingie with some more advanced drilling plays that went after good channels and pits, look at Strata Gold and SMC or Sacre Coeur. For my money right now, I would put those two ahead of SUR. Just my bet so far.
EC<:-}
"The hole was drilled to a depth of 265.1 metres and results have been received for the first 200 metres. From 135 metres to 160 metres (25 metres) a zone of mineralization grading 0.72g/t gold (including 7 metres grading 1.22g/t gold) was obtained. In addition a further 45 metres of lower grade mineralization was obtained."
That is about what I figured they would hit in drilling. The rule in these Pac Rim refractory metal deposits is that they are much higher on surface than down below. As well there may be a nugget effect that is hard to figure in drilling. It will be hard to define a mineable resource in this environment. The early projections of 100's of metres of grade indicated or supported by narrow high grade grabs or channels in a core area, were unrealistic, when it could be seen that the background halo gold tenor was approx 0.5 grams. This has been amply been borne out in the drilling which is hitting a core area of slightly higher grade and wider areas of probably uneconomic mineralization.
Exploration potential would depend on establishng whether the core high grade can be projected downplunge or whether in fact its potential is entirely lateral, and the grade is geochemically degraded at moderate depth. This phenomenon of precipitative decline in riches due to temperature effects is well known. It may be that more exploration and study is needed to define this model. As well the nugget effect can be elucidated by more drilling more closely spaced with pulp and metallic methods, and larger diameter holes.
In the end, a model of a shallow large tonnage laterally-developed modest-grade zonation of perhaps <1 gram over ~100 feet in width may have to be accepted. That, if sufficient tonnage is built, is not the end of the world, provided that metallurgy is favourable.
To a depth of 340 feet, given a 2-times strip ratio, they could build 2 million ounces if 6.66 km of strike can be developed. That is 4 miles. A bit hopeful.
This will require about 250 grade drill holes and perhaps 350 holes total in a highly successful program.
EC<:-}
Teck Cominco made 300 million from molybdenum alone last year.
It was in November. Given the country it should be a paradise of berryfield supreme. Anti-ox to the max.
Pay me and I will walk any property you want.
The vein they intend to work is very narrow, but very rich to the eye. With the previous drilling at 100 foot centres it was impossible to come up with an average that is meaningful. Nevertheless they proved continuity to 1000 feet and a vein to the North that may go somewhere. One of the holes had 30% moly sulfide over 1 foot.
The old Cominco work consisted of a few drill holes and a bunch of channel samples ever 3 feet. The channels samples are trustworthy for establishment of the grade overall. That work pointed to an average of 2.1% MoS2 as I said in the previous post.
EC<:-}
It is not fully defined. It is at least two veins to 1000 foot depth. Length may be 600 feet, but vein system on surface runs 1400 to 2400 feet. Shear zone containing veins is 150 feet wide by eye, but may run wider under overburden. With one vein, 4 feet wide, 600 feet long, to 1000 feet deep, we may say 200,000 tons. Grade may be close to 1.5% MoS2 recovered.
I am sure they are claiming less.
I took a look at the vein on surface where it is stripped, and walked it for over 600 feet. It is evidently open in two dimensions, down dip and to the west. Parallel veins are known but not the economic character of them.
If moly price keeps up for a few years, I would think that this op may rival or surpass the Quebec operations underground at Preissac that ran during and after the war.
http://www.wildcatresources.ca/roxmark/roxmoly_files/v3_document.htm
EC<:-}
Dredge Attempts to unwater the Loch Ness Creature. (It is thought to be hiding because it read it was called a monster in the papers.) This sort of name-calling is likely to make any self respecting hideous predator hide out.
http://www.keeneengineering.com/10.html
stuff is highly oxidized and deformed. I don't know if that patch on the right is tyuyamite or autunite or simply uraninite.
the stuff they are drilling is definitely sulfide mineralized. you can tell there are leaching zones in the sheared and fractured beds.
http://www.galleries.com/minerals/oxides/betafite/betafite.htm
The amazing thing is they didn't sue. If I were deformed and metahosed by a bunch of greenbacks I would call a liar and get some money.
Somebody should fly up there and blast those weird neck mountings into rubble. Maybe hexbowl-ah could help out. 12 ,000 rocket sientists should do it.
I am inferring to the fax that the lowdown motherloder is under the mountain when it comes around. Just like that dam olympic thingie. tons of fun. I see where someone has 5 million tons unfurled of 10 lbs U. no. kan't bee. jes kant.
I got so much gold I can't sell it all. wanny bye some?
The Wernecke Breccia is a curvilinear Mesoproterozoic breccia province of nearly 50,000 km2 that extends in a west-to-east direction from the Wernecke to the Ogilvie mountains across the Coal Creek and Wernecke inliers of the Cordillera as well as extending northward and reaching the Hart River Inlier (Fig. 2; cf. Bell, 1986; Thorkelson, 2000; Laznicka, 2002; Hunt, 2004). The breccias vary in size from outcrop to mountain scale (0.1 to 10 km2), in colour from grey (sodic) to mottled red and pink (potassic), and in fragment size from <5 cm up to hundreds of metres, making the breccias particularly spectacular (Thorkelson, 2000, p. 17, 31-40). All known occurrences formed within the Paleoproterozoic Wernecke Supergroup sedimentary rocks (Fairchild Lake, Quartet and Gillespie Lake groups) and locally in Bonnet Plume River intrusions within the Wernecke Supergroup (Delaney, 1981; Thorkelson, 2000). Deposition of the Wernecke sediments is inferred to postdate the 1.84 Ga Fort Simpson magmatic arc to the east and must predate emplacement of the 1.71 Ga Bonnet Plume River intrusions, but the exact age of deposition is still uncertain (Thorkelson, 2000, p. 7; Thorkelson et al., 2001a). With this age bracket, the Wernecke Supergroup may correlate with the onset of the Hornby Bay Assemblage sedimentation in the Northwest Territories to the east (MacLean and Cook, 2004; Laughton et al., in press). The Wernecke Supergroup and the Bonnet Plume River intrusions were deformed and metamorphosed at greenschist facies during the post-1.70 Ga and pre-1.60 Ga Racklan orogeny (Brideau et al., 2002), then crosscut by the breccia at 1.60 Ga based on a 1595±5 Ma U-Pb age obtained from an hydrothermal titanite within the Slab Mountain breccia matrix (Thorkelson et al., 2001b). An unconformably overlying volcanic sequence must have been present at the time of brecciation as fragments of non-deformed Slab volcanics recording a volcanic sequence of at least 160 m in thickness are found in the breccias even though such volcanics are not preserved in the exposed tectonostratigraphic record. These observations and the fact that breccia fragments of Wernecke Supergroup and Bonnet Plume River intrusions are deformed and metamorphosed and fragments of Slabs volcanics are not has led Laughton et al. (in press) to advocate for a period of uplift and erosion of Wernecke Supergroup after the Racklan orogeny, a subsequent restricted extrusion of Slab volcanics along valleys and finally a regional-scale surges of hydrothermal fluids to form oxide-rich breccias. A ca. 1.38 Ga sedimentary pile unconformably overlies the breccias and testifies that most of the hydrothermal activity took place prior to 1.38 Ga. However evidence for subsequent minor brecciation and hydrothermal alteration exists and is associated with 1.38 and 1.27 Ga intrusive events (Thorkelson et al., 2001b). The Racklan orogeny may be contemporaneous with the 1.66 Ga Forward orogeny in the Northwest Territories (Thorkelson et al., 2001b, 2003). If so, then the non-deformed Slab volcanics must have been deposited between 1.59 and 1.66 Ga (Laughton et al., in press).
The Wernecke Breccia encompasses at least 65 breccia bodies and includes a number of iron oxide Cu (Au, U, Co) prospects and showings. These are described in the Yukon Geological Survey Minfile database Mineralization occurs as disseminations and veins in Wernecke Supergroup metasediments and in Wernecke Breccia, as clasts and within matrix of heterolithic breccias as well as in carbonate veins across breccias (Hunt, 2004). Current mineral exploration is particularly active at the Monster, Olympic (Lala), Yukon Olympic (Hem), Pike and Hart River showings and prospects (Burke, 2002). Pertinent Yukon minfiles include the following: 116B (84, 99, 102, 103), 106C (6, 7, 13, 15, 16, 17, 44, 71, 86), 106D (49, 52, 68, 75, 76, 77, 79, 87, 96), 106E (2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 22, 25, 30, 31, 40), 106L (61) (Fig. 3; Deklerk, 2003).
Brecciation, pre to post-brecciation hydrothermal sodic-potassic-calcic alteration and associated Cu, Co, Au, Ag, U, and locally Mo mineralization took place with precipitation of hematite, magnetite, calcite, albite, microcline, muscovite/sericite, chalcopyrite and pyrite at regional scale (Thorkelson, 2000). Hematite is the main iron oxide but magnetite can be locally abundant. Brecciation and hydrothermal influx of iron oxide were polyphase resulting in sub-angular to sub-rounded clasts of Wernecke Supergroup sediments, Slab volcanic rocks (up to 0.2 x 0.4 km) and Bonnet Plume River diorite as well as clasts of earlier breccia and mineralization. Brecciation occurred either close to surface leading to near-surface vent with volcanic fragments and sodic, low temperature alteration facies or more commonly well below surface leading to potassic alteration facies with locally derived fragments (Laughton et al., in press). Alteration extends from the breccia into the host sedimentary rocks for meters to hundred meters and crackle breccia, where host rocks display incipient brecciation, is also observed. As such, contacts tend to be mostly gradational. Sharp intrusion of breccia material into non-altered country rocks also occurs. Contacts are also sharp where fault bounded recording fault activity after brecciation. At a regional scale, the breccia are spatially associated with deep-seated fault zones such as the Richardson Fault array while at the local scale, the surges of fluids used pre-existing discontinuities such as core of fold structures, intrusive contacts of Bonnet Plume River Intrusions, sedimentary layering, faults, and shear zones (Hunt, 2004). Normal faults are very commonly associated with the breccia zones but a cogenetic relationship is uncertain as in many cases faults can be shown to postdate brecciation and breccia are found outside of fault zones (Fig. 3; Thorkelson, 2000, p. 45). At the scale of mineral properties (e.g., Yukon Olympic property; Copper Ridge Exploration web site), km-scale Bouguer gravity anomalies can be associated with slightly off set magnetic anomalies. This geophysical response is typical of the Olympic Dam deposit and of other iron oxide (Cu-Au) settings and is a key guide to iron oxide breccia where abundant magnetite occurs in parts of the breccia system and hematite prevails in other areas (Nisbet et al., 2000; Smith, 2002). Unfortunately, such anomalies may exist whether the iron oxide breccias are strongly mineralized or not. Breccias can be exposed or overlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks creating blind targets that can only be detected by geophysical methods.
The physical and mineralogical characteristics of the Wernecke Breccia share many similarities with those of the breccias at the Olympic Dam deposit (Hitzman et al., 1992; Thorkelson, 2000). Their ages are coeval, their emplacement is closely related in time with orogenic activities, and their breccias include down-dropped volcanic fragments, which must have been formed relatively close to surface (Oreskes and Einaudi, 1990; Reeve et al., 1990; Laughton et al., in press). One point that has particularly captured the interest of the exploration industry is that both settings could have been contiguous during brecciation based on the SWEAT continental reconstruction (Thorkelson et al., 2001a, b). However, many alternatives exist to such reconstructions and the exact nature of the paleo-environment of the Wernecke Breccia and the underlying crustal architecture is still uncertain (e.g., Snyder et al., 2003 vs. Thorkelson et al., 2003). In contrast to the Olympic Dam where there is a direct link between arc magmatism, orogenic activity and timing of mineralization, the Racklan orogeny and the Wernecke Breccia are not coeval and they are not associated with exposed proximal arc magmatism. The Racklan orogeny is a far-field response to a distant collisional orogen, with the attenuated crust of the Wernecke basin representing a zone of crustal weakness (Thorkelson et al., 2001a). The 1.66 Ga age for the Racklan orogeny would best coincide with the late Paleoproterozoic 1.7-1.6 Ga Labradorian and Mazatzal orogenies that took place along the southern Laurentian margin (Karlstrom et al., 2001; Gower and Krogh, 2002, 2003).
The Olympic Dam deposit is now known to be associated with intra-continental arc magmatism, not with intracratonic, anorogenic activity and to occur within a doubly-vergent orogen with a fold and thrust belt above a reflective crustal-scale ramp that extends to the Moho and transect a non reflective Moho and lower crust as well as above strong horizontal reflectors in mid crust typical of mafic sills (Ferris and Schwarz, 2003; Lyons et al., 2004). These new data puts an end to the anorogenic myth that Creaser (1996), Partington and Williams (2000) and Gandhi (2003) among others have disparaged putting into perspective that an A-type granitic fingerprint does not imply formation in an anorogenic setting and that in fact orogenic activities were taking place at the time of IOCG-related intrusions in the Gawler craton. How the new paradigm is going to influence future exploration models for IOCG deposits and in particular for the Wernecke Breccia is uncertain. However, as pointed out by Thorkelson et al. (2003) the Wernecke Breccia, even if not deformed, is part of a mature Proterozoic orogen, like Olympic Dam. This key area for exploration is currently the site of active geoscientific research by academia and the Yukon Geological Survey (e.g., Burke, 2002; Hunt et al., 2002). With the spectacular exposures that the mountain relief and cliffs provide across the Wernecke Breccia province, the study of these iron oxide Cu (Au, U, Co) breccias are bound to advance knowledge on IOCG-type breccia formation, evolution and settings as well as providing 3D knowledge to be applied to breccia systems such as those of the Central Mineral Belt of the Makkovik Province in Labrador (Marshall et al., 2003) and those within the Lemieux Dome in the Appalachian orogen of Québec (e.g., Beaudoin, 2004). Knowledge of their exact endowment in terms of mineral deposits awaits results of exploration efforts.
I heard she jumped out of the back of thissie here plane afore it was landed by two Aleutian army officers.
I wonder if they got the Curie point for what ails AK explo.
go go go aurelio!
picked up another 1000 today.
up another 3 cents.
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huh huh huh huh huh?
They filmed Deliverance II on that river. It was going well for a while, but one day the film crew did not come back. The found them frozen into the stream in mid stroke. Winter comes suddenly in those parts. It was not a total loss. They were entered in the annual ice sculpture in Perseverance, AK and won honourable mention.
(editor's note: 37 people lost their lives in the year following the release of Deliverance trying to shoot the various rapids of the Chatooga River on which this movie was shot.)