Reverse Merger Consideration/The Cost of the Shell
In a reverse merger transaction, the private operating business must pay for the public shell company. That payment may be in cash, equity or both. Although the cash price of shell entities can vary and changes over time as does the value of all assets, as of the day of this blog, the average cash value of a fully reporting public entity with no liabilities, no issues (such as a DTC chill) and which is otherwise “clean” is between $280,000 – $400,000. The price variance depends on many factors, such as pre- and post-closing conditions (such as a requirement that the public entity complete a name change and/or stock split prior to closing); the ultimate percent ownership that will be owned by the private operating company shareholders; how quickly the transaction can close; whether the private entity has its “ducks in a row” (see below); whether the entities have complete due diligence packages prepared; and whether any broker-dealers or investment bankers must be paid in association with the transaction.
Where the private operating business is paying for the public shell entity with equity, the current shareholders of the public shell company keep a larger portion of their pre-closing equity and therefore own a greater percent of the new combined companies post-closing. That is, the current public company shareholders have a lower level of dilution in the transaction.
For example, in a cash reverse merger transaction, generally the current control shareholders of the public company cancel or otherwise divest themselves of all of their share ownership and the post-closing share ownership is anywhere from 80%/20% to 99%/1% with the private operating company shareholders owning the majority. In an equity transaction, the current control shareholders keep some or all of their current share ownership. In addition, the final post-closing capitalization will generally be anywhere from 51%/49% to 80%/20% with the private operating company shareholders owning the majority.
The percentage of ownership maintained by the public company shareholders will depend on the perceived value of the private operating company and an expectation of what the value of their share ownership could be in the future. Clearly there is risk involved for the public company shareholders. That is, control shareholders may have to decide whether to accept $300,000 today or maintain a stock ownership level that they hope will be worth much more than that at some time in the future. From the private operating company’s perspective, they are diluting their current ownership and giving up a piece of the pie.
Accordingly, in an equity transaction, the parties to the reverse merger will negotiate the value of the private operating business. For business entities with operating history, revenue, profit margins and the like, valuation is determined by mathematical calculations and established mathematically based matrixes (usually 1x to 8x EBITDA). For a development stage or start-up venture, the necessary elements to complete a mathematical analysis simply do not exist. In this case, valuation is based on negotiation and a best guess.
Establishing valuation for a development stage or start-up entity ultimately comes down to an investor’s (i.e., in a reverse merger, public company shareholders who agree to forgo cash and keep equity instead) perception of risk versus reward. Risk is easy to determine: If I could get $300,000 cash for the public shell today, I may lose that $300,000 by accepting equity instead. Reward, on the other hand, is an elusive prospect based on the potential success of a business.
In determining value, an analysis (due diligence) should be conducted on a minimum of the following: market data; competition; pricing and distribution strategies; assets and liabilities; hidden liabilities; inflated assets; technology risks; product development plans; legal structure; legal documentation; corporate formation documents and records; and management, including backgrounds on paper, and face-to-face assessments.
- See more at: http://securities-law-blog.com/category/mergers-and-acquisitions-2/#sthash.gj6VPtZu.dpuf
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