Evolving.
Register for free to join our community of investors and share your ideas. You will also get access to streaming quotes, interactive charts, trades, portfolio, live options flow and more tools.
Register for free to join our community of investors and share your ideas. You will also get access to streaming quotes, interactive charts, trades, portfolio, live options flow and more tools.
I don't think he will be reporting that he's all out. I just think he has sold his shares and the run is over.
Didn't you see my 2:40 a.m. post? IMO although this has not yet been PR'd, is is news, and it is good!
Posted by: learner1156 Date: Monday, August 24, 2009 2:40:49 AM
In reply to: None Post # of 67979
Site update 08/24/09: Trenching in SE Zone.
http://nemegosenda.sarissaresources.com/2009/08/24/trenching-in-se-zone/
This trench is in an area of the SE Zone that had not previously been drilled, but our team has returned high counts per second readings with the hand-held scintillometer.
Pictures are included at the link.
IMO not advisable. I believe Eric sold into the run, and I don't think this one is going up again soon. Watch the news, and if the acquisitions turn out to be real, then you might want to reconsider, but as of now, I would beware.
I see no bid, 5 on ask at 1.
Site update 08/24/09: Trenching in SE Zone.
http://nemegosenda.sarissaresources.com/2009/08/24/trenching-in-se-zone/
This trench is in an area of the SE Zone that had not previously been drilled, but our team has returned high counts per second readings with the hand-held scintillometer.
Pictures are included at the link.
Thanks! Good to be back on a Gail board again.
Thank you.
Oops, sorry Gail, I would not have given him a warning if I had seen yours first. I missed your post.
I will be kind to you and give you a warning. Either knock off the nasty comments or post them elsewhere. 'tis sad that you have nothing better to do than try to create unhappiness here.
This board isn't about big players. It isn't about picking winners (although that part is serendipity). It isn't about being knowledgeable. It isn't about being a big name. It's about being Gail's friend, and treating her like the lady that she is.
Hey Gail! As you know, I had unmarked everyone and everything except my 4 positions. I wanted to send you a PM, so I searched as I usually do on your name, but noticed your last post was on Gail's I-hub friends ONLY board. I said to myself, OK, either my age has finally done it to me ... memory gone....because I didn't remember any such board.....so being perplexed, I did some DD and found out (1) how the name originated and (b)it wasn't my memory going bad!!! LOL. I just had to become the next boardmark! Good timing, too, as I allocated a few dollars and now will be buying a few stocks to flip, so this is where I will look for the opportunities.
Sounds like you missed the post today where the long sold some shares to pay for college LOL. I accept the downtick, I am just discussing possible reasons why. In the end all will be good for us.
Sorry to disagree, but IMO there is nothing natural about this company being at this pps. It is very UNNATURAL. Look at the junk that is much higher. Look at the legitimate companies - they are also higher. We will get where we belong eventually, that is my firm belief.
Yes, I agree. Scott is bending over backwards to avoid losing credibility. Unfortunately, the conservatism is contributing, IMO, to the current situation.......but that is much better for us in the long run....it is not easy to walk that fine line.
Agreed - but for the accumulators with MILLIONS of shares, they can sell till the cows come home, and STILL have plenty of shares left over!!!
Remember too, that when the awareness of SRSR is finally what it should be, that ANY shares will be scooped up! Then you will see the motherlode in your bank account.
I have been waiting for someone else to post that. You are RIGHT ON THE MONEY, IMO. While a lot of folks think that falling to .12, .09, .07, etc. is a disaster, the accumulators view ANY of those prices as AWESOME! I can't blame them, either. They waited a long time and DESERVE this bonanza! Yes, I really believe that they are the reason that shares are NOT in short supply. However, remember.....Sarissa is SO GOOD that we will eventually get to a really high pps.....it will just take us longer than it would have if we had a lot more shareholders, with the shares more evenly distributed.
You are correct. However, I believe this was communicated to Merle, and his reply was that he did not see how the PRs could be made clearer (or something like that). I wonder if Scott himself read the request.
Web Site: http://www.tanb.org Niobium - Raw Materials and Processing
Raw materials
Mineração Catalão, Aerial view of Catalão plant (Ruy George Fischer) The primary mineral from which niobium is obtained is known as pyrochlore. The world's largest deposit is located in Araxá, Brazil and is owned by Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração (CBMM). The reserves are enough to supply current world demand for about 500 years, about 460 million tons. The mining of weathered ore, running between 2.5 and 3.0% Nb2O5, is conducted by simple open pit mining without the need for drilling and explosives. Approximately 85 to 90% of the niobium industry obtains its niobium ores from sources other than those associated with the mining of tantalum-containing ores.
Another pyrochlore mine in Brazil is owned and operated by Anglo American Brasil Mineração Catalão and contains 18 million tonnes at 1.34% niobium oxide. The third major deposit of pyrochlore being actively mined is the Niobec Mine in Quebec, Canada, owned by Cambior, with reserves of 18,000 tonnes.
In all three facilities, the pyrochlore mineral is processed by primarily physical processing technology to give a concentrate ranging from 55 to about 60% niobium oxide.
These three companies produce about 85% of the world's demand for niobium products, with most of that output being in the form of ferro-niobium with a nominal 60% niobium oxide content, for making high-strength, low-alloy steel.
Columbite, a mineral with a ratio of Nb2O5:Ta2O5 ranging from 10:1 to 13:1, occurs in Brazil, Nigeria, and Australia, also other countries in central Africa. Niobium is recovered when the ores are processed for tantalum.
Niobium is also found, in very small quantities, in the slags produced from the smelting of some tin ores.
Extraction/refining
Cambior, Ferroniobium production (Rachelle Bergeron)Two separate processing schemes are utilized for niobium production. Those companies that mine pyrochlore convert the niobium oxide units into HSLA ferro-niobium through the aluminothermic reduction process or by reduction in an electric arc furnace. CBMM has installed capacity for the production of a high purity oxide that can be used to produce vacuum grade ferro- and nickel-niobium as well as niobium metal ingots via electron beam refining.
The use of columbite and tantalum-bearing ores, such as tantalite, as feedstocks results in the necessity to process these materials chemically as described in the tantalum section. The purified niobium-containing process stream is generally converted to niobium hydroxide by the introduction of ammonia, followed by washing, filtration, and calcining to the oxide. Purities exceeding 99.99% can be achieved.
Niobium oxide (Nb2O5) is generally the starting chemical for the production of other compounds, such as niobium chloride (NbCl5), niobium carbide (NbC), or lithium niobate (LiNbO3). Niobium metal is produced by the aluminothermic reduction of the oxide followed by electron beam refining. Niobium powders can be produced by the reduction of potassium niobium heptafluoride (K2NbF7) with sodium, or by the reduction of niobium oxide with magnesium.
The various metallurgical products are generally produced from electron beam or vacuum arc melted niobium ingot. Double and triple melt ingots achieve a very high level of purification with respect to metallics and interstitial elements. Ingots are used to produce niobium alloys such as niobium-1% zirconium, niobium-titanium, C-103, Inconels, and others.
Several capacitor manufacturers are developing capacitors using niobium metal powder or niobium oxide, and these models are gradually being brought to the market.
Applications for Niobium
Niobium Product Application Technical Attributes/Benefits
HSLA Ferro-niobium (~60%Nb) Niobium additive to high strength low alloy steel and stainless steel for oil and gas pipelines, car and truck bodies, architectural requirements, tool steels, ships hulls, railroad tracks. Imparts a doubling of strength and toughness due to grain refining. Weight reduction.
Niobium oxide - Manufacture lithium niobate for surface acoustic wave filters.
- Camera lenses.
- Coating on glass for computer screens.
- Ceramic capacitors. - High index of refraction.
- High dielectric constant.
- Increase light transmittance.
Niobium carbide Cutting tool compositions. High temperature deformation, controls grain growth.
Niobium powder Niobium capacitors for electronic circuits. High dielectric constant, stability of oxide dielectric.
Niobium metal plates, sheets, wire, rod, tubing - Sputtering targets.
- Cathode protection systems for large steel structures.
- Chemical processing equipment. Corrosion resistance, formation of oxide and nitride films. Increase in high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, improved creep resistance, reduced erosion at high temperatures.
Niobium-titanium alloy
Niobium-tin alloy Superconducting magnetic coils in magnetic resonance imagery (MRI), magnetoencephalography, magnetic levitation transport systems, particle physics experiments. Electrical resistance of alloy wire drops to virtually zero at or below temperature of liquid helium (-268.8°C).
Niobium-1%zirconium alloy - Sodium vapor lamps
- Chemical processing equipment Corrosion resistance, fixation of oxygen, resistance to embrittlement.
Vacuum-grade ferro-niobium and nickel-niobium Superalloy additions for turbine blade applications in jet engines and land-based turbines. Inconel family of alloys, superalloys. Increase in high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, improved creep resistance, reduced erosion at high temperatures.
AVX, Niobium oxide capacitors (Bill Millman)
Niobium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number niobium, Nb, 41
Element category transition metals
Group, Period, Block 5, 5, d
Appearance gray metallic
Standard atomic weight 92.90638(2) g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d4 5s1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 12, 1
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 8.57 g·cm−3
Melting point 2750 K
(2477 °C, 4491 °F)
Boiling point 5017 K
(4744 °C, 8571 °F)
Heat of fusion 30 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 689.9 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 24.60 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 2942 3207 3524 3910 4393 5013
Atomic properties
Crystal structure body centered cubic
Oxidation states 5, 4, 3, 2, -1
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.6 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 652.1 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1380 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 2416 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 146 pm
Covalent radius 164±6 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity (0 °C) 152 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 53.7 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 7.3 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3480 m/s
Young's modulus 105 GPa
Shear modulus 38 GPa
Bulk modulus 170 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.40
Mohs hardness 6.0
Vickers hardness 1320 MPa
Brinell hardness 736 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-03-1
Most-stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of niobium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
91Nb syn 6.8×102 y ε - 91Zr
91mNb syn 60.86 d IT 0.104e 91Nb
92Nb syn 10.15 d ε - 92Zr
γ 0.934 -
92Nb syn 3.47×107y ε - 92Zr
γ 0.561, 0.934 -
93Nb 100% 93Nb is stable with 52 neutrons
93mNb syn 16.13 y IT 0.031e 93Nb
94Nb syn 2.03×104 y β− 0.471 94Mo
γ 0.702, 0.871 -
95Nb syn 34.991 d β− 0.159 95Mo
γ 0.765 -
95mNb syn 3.61 d IT 0.235 95Nb
References
Niobium (pronounced /naɪˈoʊbiəm/) (Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus), or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/), is the chemical element with the symbol Nb and the atomic number 41. A rare, soft, grey, ductile transition metal, niobium is found in the minerals pyrochlore, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite.
Niobium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of the element tantalum, and the two are therefore difficult to distinguish. The English chemist Charles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801, and named it columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston wrongly concluded that tantalum and columbium were identical. The German chemist Heinrich Rose determined in 1846 that tantalum ores contain a second element, which he named niobium. In 1864 and 1865, a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element (as distinguished from tantalum), and for a century both names were used interchangeably. The name of the element was officially adopted as niobium in 1949.
It was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially. Brazil is the leading producer of niobium and ferroniobium, an alloy of niobium and iron. Niobium is used mostly in alloys, the largest part in special steel such as that used in gas pipelines. Although alloys contain only a maximum of 0.1%, that small percentage of Niobium improves the strength of the steel. The temperature stability of niobium-containing superalloys is important for its use in jet engines and rocket engines. Niobium is used in various superconducting materials. These superconducting alloys, also containing titanium and tin, are widely used in the superconducting magnets of MRI scanners. Other applications of niobium include its use in welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics, numismatics and jewellery. In the last two applications, niobium's low toxicity and ability to be coloured by anodisation are particular advantages.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Characteristics
2.1 Isotopes
2.2 Chemistry
2.3 Occurrence
3 Production
4 Applications
4.1 Steel production
4.2 Superalloys
4.3 Superconducting magnets
4.4 Numismatics
4.5 Other uses
5 Precautions
6 References
7 External links
[edit] History
Charles Hatchett discoverer of columbium.
Picture of a Hellenistic sculpture representing Niobe by Giorgio SommerNiobium was discovered by the English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801.[1] He found a new element in a mineral sample that had been sent to England from Massachusetts, United States in 1734 by a John Winthrop,[2] and named the mineral columbite and the new element columbium after Columbia, the poetical name for America.[3] The columbium discovered by Hatchett was probably a mixture of the new element with tantalum.[3]
Subsequently, there was considerable confusion[4] over the difference between columbium (niobium) and the closely related tantalum. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston compared the oxides derived from both columbium—columbite, with a density 5.918 g/cm3, and tantalum—tantalite, with a density 7.935 g/cm3, and concluded that the two oxides, despite the significant difference in density, were identical; thus he kept the name tantalum.[4] This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by the German chemist Heinrich Rose, who argued that there were two different elements in the tantalite sample, and named them after children of Tantalus: niobium (from Niobe), and pelopium (from Pelops).[5][6] This confusion arose from the minimal observed differences between tantalum and niobium. Both tantalum and niobium react with chlorine and traces of oxygen, including atmospheric concentrations, with niobium forming two compounds: the white volatile niobium pentachloride (NbCl5) and the non-volatile niobium oxychloride (NbOCl3). The claimed new elements pelopium, ilmenium and dianium[7] were in fact identical to niobium or mixtures of niobium and tantalum.[8]
The differences between tantalum and niobium were unequivocally demonstrated in 1864 by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand,[8] and Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, as well as Louis J. Troost, who determined the formulas of some of the compounds in 1865[8][9] and finally by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac[10] in 1866, who all proved that there were only two elements. These discoveries did not stop scientists from publishing articles about ilmenium until 1871.[11] De Marignac was the first to prepare the metal in 1864, when he reduced niobium chloride by heating it in an atmosphere of hydrogen.[12]
Although de Marignac was able to produce tantalum-free niobium on a larger scale by 1866, it was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially, in incandescent lamp filaments.[9] This use quickly became obsolete through the replacement of niobium with tungsten, which has a higher melting point and thus is preferable for use in incandescent lamps. The discovery that niobium improves the strength of steel was made in the 1920s, and this remains its predominant use.[9] In 1961 the American physicist Eugene Kunzler and coworkers at Bell Labs discovered that niobium-tin continues to exhibit superconductivity in the presence of strong electric currents and magnetic fields,[13] making it the first material known to support the high currents and fields necessary for making useful high-power magnets and electrically powered machinery. This discovery would allow—two decades later—the production of long multi-strand cables that could be wound into coils to create large, powerful electromagnets for rotating machinery, particle accelerators, or particle detectors.[14][15]
Columbium (symbol Cb[16]) was the name originally given to this element by Hatchett, and this name remained in use in American journals—the last paper published by American Chemical Society with columbium in its title dates from 1953[17]—while niobium was used in Europe. To end this confusion, the name niobium was chosen for element 41 at the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949.[18] A year later this name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) after 100 years of controversy, despite the chronological precedence of the name Columbium.[18] The latter name is still sometimes used in US industry.[19] This was a compromise of sorts;[18] the IUPAC accepted tungsten instead of wolfram, in deference to North American usage; and niobium instead of columbium, in deference to European usage. Not everyone agreed, and while many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by the official IUPAC name, many leading metallurgists, metal societies, and the United States Geological Survey still refer to the metal by the original "columbium".[20][21]
[edit] Characteristics
Niobium is a lustrous, grey, ductile, paramagnetic metal in group 5 of the periodic table (see table to right),
Z Element No. of electrons/shell
23 vanadium 2, 8, 11, 2
41 niobium 2, 8, 18, 12, 1
73 tantalum 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2
105 dubnium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2
although it has an atypical configuration in its outermost electron shells compared to the rest of the members. (This can be observed in the neighborhood of niobium (41), ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), and palladium (46).)
The metal takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air at room temperature for extended periods.[22] Despite presenting a high melting point in elemental form (2,468 °C), it has a low density in comparison to other refractory metals. Furthermore, it is corrosion resistant, exhibits superconductivity properties, and forms dielectric oxide layers. These properties— especially the superconductivity —are strongly dependent on the purity of the niobium metal.[23] When very pure, it is comparatively soft and ductile, but impurities make it harder.[24]
The atoms of niobium is slightly less electropositive and smaller than the atoms of its predecessor in the periodic table, zirconium, while it is virtually identical in size to the heavier tantalum atoms as a consequence of the lanthanide contraction.[24] As a result, niobium's chemical properties are very similar to the chemical properties of tantalum, which appears directly below niobium in the periodic table.[9] Although its corrosion resistance is not as outstanding as that of tantalum, its lower price and greater availability make niobium attractive for less exact uses such as linings in chemical plants.[24]
[edit] Isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of niobium
Naturally occurring niobium is composed of one stable isotope, 93Nb.[25] As of 2003, at least 32 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 81 to 113. The most stable of these is 92Nb with a half-life of 34.7 million years. One of the least stable is 113Nb, with an estimated half-life of 30 milliseconds. Isotopes that are lighter than the stable 93Nb tend to decay by β+ decay, and those that are heavier tend to decay by β- decay, with some exceptions. 81Nb, 82Nb, and 84Nb have minor β+ delayed proton emission decay paths, 91Nb decays by electron capture and positron emission, and 92Nb decays by both β+ and β- decay.[25]
At least 25 nuclear isomers have been described, ranging in atomic mass from 84 to 104. Within this range, only 96Nb, 101Nb, and 103Nb do not have isomers. The most stable of niobium's isomers is 93mNb with a half-life of 16.13 years. The least stable isomer is 84mNb with a half-life of 103 ns. All of niobium's isomers decay by isomeric transition or beta decay except 92m1Nb, which has a minor electron capture decay chain.[25]
[edit] Chemistry
See also: Category:Niobium compounds
Niobium is in many ways similar to its predecessors in group 5. It reacts with most nonmetals at high temperatures: niobium reacts with fluorine at room temperature, with chlorine and hydrogen at 200 °C, and with nitrogen at 400 °C, giving products that are frequently interstitial and nonstoichiometric.[24] The metal begins to oxidize in air at 200 °C,[26] and is resistant to corrosion by fused alkalis and by acids, including aqua regia, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acids.[24] Niobium is attacked by hot, concentrated mineral acids, such as fluorhydric acid and fluorhydric/nitric acid mixtures. Although niobium exhibits all the formal oxidation states from +5 down to -1, its most stable state is +5.[24]
Niobium is able to form oxides with the oxidation states +5 (Nb2O5), +4 (NbO2) and +3 (Nb2O3),[26] as well as with the rarer oxidation state +2 (NbO).[27] The most stable oxidation state is +5, the pentoxide which, along with the dark green non-stoichiometric dioxide, is the most common of the oxides.[26] Niobium pentoxide is used mainly in the production of capacitors, optical glass, and as starting material for several niobium compounds.[28] The compounds are created by dissolving the pentoxide in basic hydroxide solutions or by melting it in another metal oxide. Examples are lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lanthanum niobate (LnNbO4). In the lithium niobate, the niobate ion NbO3− is not alone but part of a trigonally distorted perovskite-like structure, while the lanthanum niobate contains lone NbO43− ions.[26] Lithium niobate, which is a ferroelectric, is used extensively in mobile telephones and optical modulators, and for the manufacture of surface acoustic wave devices. It belongs to the ABO3 structure ferroelectrics like lithium tantalate and barium titanate.[29]
Niobium pentachloride (NbCl5)Niobium forms halogen compounds in the oxidation states of +5, +4, and +3 of the type NbX5, NbX4, and NbX3, although multi-core complexes and substoichiometric compounds are also formed.[26][30] Niobium pentafluoride (NbF5) is a white solid with a melting point of 79.0 °C and niobium pentachloride (NbCl5) is a yellowish-white solid (see image at left) with a melting point of 203.4 °C. Both are hydrolyzed by water and react with additional niobium at elevated temperatures by forming the black and highly hygroscopic niobium tetrafluoride (NbF4) and niobium tetrachloride (NbCl4). While the trihalogen compounds can be obtained by reduction of the pentahalogens with hydrogen, the dihalogen compounds do not exist.[26] Spectroscopically, the monochloride (NbCl) has been observed at high temperatures.[31] The fluorides of niobium can be used after its separation from tantalum.[32] The niobium pentachloride is used in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid in activating alkenes for the carbonyl-ene reaction and the Diels-Alder reaction.[33] The pentachloride is also used to generate the organometallic compound niobocene dichloride ((C5H5)2NbCl2), which in turn is used as a starting material for other organoniobium compounds.[34]
Other binary compounds of niobium include niobium nitride (NbN), which becomes a superconductor at low temperatures and is used in detectors for infrared light,[35] and niobium carbide, an extremely hard, refractory, ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. The compounds niobium-germanium (Nb3Ge) and niobium-tin (Nb3Sn), as well as the niobium-titanium alloy, are used as a type II superconductor wire for superconducting magnets.[36][37] Niobium sulfide as well as a few interstitial compounds of niobium with silicon are also known.[24]
[edit] Occurrence
See also: Category:Niobium minerals
According to estimates, niobium is 33rd on the list of the most common elements in the Earth’s crust with 20 ppm.[38] The abundance on Earth should be much greater, but the “missing” niobium may be located in the Earth’s core due to the metal's high density.[20] The free element is not found in nature, but it does occur in minerals.[24] Minerals that contain niobium often also contain tantalum, for example, columbite ((Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6), columbite-tantalite (or coltan, (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6) and pyrochlore ((Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(OH,F)).[32] Columbite-tantalite minerals are most usually found as accessory minerals in pegmatite intrusions, and in alkaline intrusive rocks. Less common are the niobates of calcium, uranium, thorium and the rare earth elements such as pyrochlore and euxenite ((Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6). These large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbonate-silicate igneous rocks) and as a constituent of pyrochlore.[39]
The two largest deposits of pyrochlore were found in the 1950s in Brazil and Canada, and both countries are still the major producers of niobium mineral concentrates.[9] The largest deposit is hosted within a carbonatite intrusion at Araxá, Minas Gerais Brazil, owned by CBMM (Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração); the other deposit is located at Catalão, Goiás owned by Anglo American plc (through its subsidiary Mineração Catalão), also hosted within a carbonatite intrusion.[40] Altogether these two Brazilian mines produce around 75% of world supply. The third largest producer of niobium is the carbonatite-hosted Niobec Mine, Saint-Honoré near Chicoutimi, Quebec owned by Iamgold Corporation Ltd, which produces around 7% of world supply.[40]
Extensive though unexploited resources are located in Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Australia and Russia.
[edit] Production
Niobium producers in 2007After the separation from the other minerals, the mixed oxides of tantalum Ta2O5 and niobium Nb2O5 are obtained. The first step in the processing is the reaction of the oxides with hydrofluoric acid:[32]
Ta2O5 + 14HF → 2H2[TaF7] + 5H2O, and
Nb2O5 + 10HF → 2H2[NbOF5] + 3H2O
The first industrial scale separation, developed by de Marignac, used the difference in solubility between the complex niobium and tantalum fluorides, dipotassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate (K2[NbOF5]·H2O) and dipotassium heptafluorotantalate (K2[TaF7]) in water. Newer processes use the liquid extraction of the fluorides from aqueous solution by organic solvents like cyclohexanone.[32] The complex niobium and tantalum fluorides are extracted separately from the organic solvent with water and either precipitated by the addition of potassium fluoride to produce a potassium fluoride complex, or precipitated with ammonia as the pentoxide:[26]
H2[NbOF5] + 2KF → K2[NbOF5]↓ + 2HF, then
2H2[NbOF5] + 10NH4OH → Nb2O5↓ + 10NH4F + 7H2O
Several methods are used for the reduction to metallic niobium. The electrolysis of a molten mixture of K2[NbOF5] and sodium chloride is one; the other is the reduction of the fluoride with sodium. With this method niobium with a relatively high purity can be obtained. In large scale production the reduction of Nb2O5 with hydrogen or carbon[26] is used. In the process involving the aluminothermic reaction a mixture of iron oxide and niobium oxide is reacted with aluminium:
3Nb2O5 + Fe2O3 + 12Al → 6Nb + 2Fe + 6Al2O3
To enhance the reaction, small amounts of oxidizers like sodium nitrate are added. The result is aluminium oxide and ferroniobium, an alloy of iron and niobium used in the steel production.[41][42] The ferroniobium contains between 60 and 70% of niobium.[40] Without addition of iron oxide, aluminothermic process is used for the production of niobium. Further purification is necessary to reach the grade for superconductive alloys. Electron beam melting under vacuum is the method used by the two major distributors of niobium.[30][43]
The United States Geological Survey estimates that the production increased from 38,700 metric tonnes in 2005 to 44,500 tonnes in 2006.[44][45] The worldwide resources are estimated to be 4,400,000 tonnes.[45] During the ten-year period between 1995 and 2005, the production more than doubled, starting from 17,800 tonnes in 1995.[46]
[edit] Applications
A niobium foilIt is estimated that out of 44,500 metric tons of niobium mined in 2006, 90% ended up in the production of high-grade structural steel, followed by its use in superalloys.[47] The use of niobium alloys for superconductors and in electronic components account only for a small share of the production.[47]
[edit] Steel production
Niobium is an effective microalloying element for steel. Adding niobium to the steel causes the formation of niobium carbide and niobium nitride within the structure of the steel.[20] These compounds improve the grain refining, retardation of recrystallization, and precipitation hardening of the steel. These effects in turn increase the toughness, strength, formability, and weldability of the microalloyed steel.[20] Microalloyed stainless steels have a niobium content of less than 0.1%.[48] It is an important alloy addition to high strength low alloy steels which are widely used as structural components in modern automobiles.[20] These niobium containing alloys are strong and are often used in pipeline construction.[49][50]
[edit] Superalloys
Apollo CSM with the dark rocket nozzle made from niobium-titanium alloyAppreciable amounts of the element, either in its pure form or in the form of high-purity ferroniobium and nickel niobium, are used in nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base superalloys for such applications as jet engine components, gas turbines, rocket subassemblies, and heat resisting and combustion equipment. Niobium precipitates a hardening γ'-phase within the grain structure of the superalloy.[51] The alloys contain up to 6.5% niobium.[48] One example of a nickel-based niobium-containing superalloy is Inconel 718, which consists of roughly 50% nickel, 18.6% chromium, 18.5% iron, 5% niobium, 3.1% molybdenum, 0.9% titanium, and 0.4% aluminium.[52][53] These superalloys are used, for example, in advanced air frame systems such as those used in the Gemini program.
An alloy used for liquid rocket thruster nozzles, such as in the main engine of the Apollo Lunar Modules, is C103, which consists of 89% niobium, 10% hafnium and 1% titanium.[54] Another niobium alloy was used for the nozzle of the Apollo Service Module. As niobium is oxidized at temperatures above 400 °C, a protective coating is necessary for these applications to prevent the alloy from becoming brittle.[54]
[edit] Superconducting magnets
A 3 tesla clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner using niobium-superconducting alloyNiobium becomes a superconductor when lowered to cryogenic temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors: 9.2 K.[55] Niobium has the largest magnetic penetration depth of any element.[55] In addition, it is one of the three elemental Type II superconductors, along with vanadium and technetium. Niobium-tin and niobium-titanium alloys are used as wires for superconducting magnets capable of producing exceedingly strong magnetic fields. These superconducting magnets are used in magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance instruments as well as in particle accelerators.[56] For example, the Large Hadron Collider uses 600 metric tons of superconducting strands, while the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor is estimated to use 600 metric tonnes of Nb3Sn strands and 250 metric tonnes of NbTi strands.[57] In 1992 alone, niobium-titanium wires were used to construct more than 1 billion US dollars worth of clinical magnetic resonance imaging systems.[14]
[edit] Numismatics
A 150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway Coin made of niobium and silverNiobium is used as a precious metal in commemorative coins, often with silver or gold. For example, Austria produced a series of silver niobium euro coins starting in 2003; the colour in these coins is created by diffraction of light by a thin oxide layer produced by anodising.[58] In 2008, six coins are available showing a broad variety of colours in the centre of the coin: blue, green, brown, purple, violet, or yellow. Two more examples are the 2004 Austrian €25 150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway commemorative coin,[59] and the 2006 Austrian €25 European Satellite Navigation commemorative coin.[60] Latvia produced a similar series of coins starting in 2004,[61] with one following in 2007.[62]
[edit] Other uses
Niobium and some niobium alloys are used in medical devices such as pacemakers, because they are physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic).[63] Niobium treated with sodium hydroxide forms a porous layer that aids osseointegration.[64] Along with titanium, tantalum, and aluminium, niobium can also be electrically heated and anodized, resulting in a wide array of colours using a process known as reactive metal anodizing which is useful in making jewelry.[65][66] The fact that niobium is hypoallergenic also benefits its use in jewelry.[67]
The arc-tube seals of high pressure sodium vapor lamps are made from niobium, or niobium with 1% of zirconium, because niobium has a very similar coefficient of thermal expansion to the sintered alumina arc tube ceramic, a translucent material which resists chemical attack or reduction by the hot liquid sodium and sodium vapour contained inside the operating lamp.[68][69][70] The metal is also used in arc welding rods for some stabilized grades of stainless steel.[71]
Niobium was evaluated as a cheaper alternative to tantalum in capacitors,[72] but tantalum capacitors are still predominant. Niobium is added to glass in order to attain a higher refractive index, a property of use to the optical industry in making thinner corrective glasses. The metal has a low capture cross-section for thermal neutrons;[73] thus it is used in the nuclear industries.[74]
The Superconducting Radio Frequency (RF) cavities used in the free electron lasers TESLA and XFEL are made from pure niobium.[75]
The high sensitivity of superconducting niobium nitride bolometers make them an ideal detector for electromagnetic radiation in the THz frequency band. These detectors were tested at the Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, the South Pole Telescope, the Receiver Lab Telescope, and at APEX and are now used in the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory.[76]
[edit] Precautions
Niobium has no known biological role. While niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and a potential fire hazard, elemental niobium on a larger scale is physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic) and harmless. It is frequently used in jewelry and has been tested for use in some medical implants.[77][78]
Niobium-containing compounds are rarely encountered by most people, but some are toxic and should be treated with care. The short and long term exposure to niobates and niobium chloride, two chemicals that are water soluble, have been tested in rats. Rats treated with a single injection of niobium pentachloride or niobates show a median lethal dose (LD50) between 10 and 100 mg/kg.[79][80][81] For oral administration the toxicity is lower; a study with rats yielded a LD50 after seven days of 940 mg/kg.[79]
[edit] References
^ Hatchett, Charles (1802). "Eigenschaften und chemisches Verhalten des von Charlesw Hatchett entdeckten neuen Metalls, Columbium" (in German). Annalen der Physik 11 (5): 120–122. doi:10.1002/andp.18020110507.
^ Griffith, William P.; Morris, Peter J. T. (2003). "Charles Hatchett FRS (1765-1847), Chemist and Discoverer of Niobium". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 57 (3): 299. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3557720.
^ a b Noyes, William Albert (1918). A Textbook of Chemistry. H. Holt & Co. p. 523. http://books.google.com/books?id=UupHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA523&lpg=PA523&dq=columbium+discovered+by+Hatchett+was+a+mixture+of+two+elements&source=web&ots=fYAZdQEGtb&sig=awPTuKyi-Id4L06ZIu0ryIZOzw0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result.
^ a b Wollaston, William Hyde (1809). "On the Identity of Columbium and Tantalum". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 99: 246–252. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0017. http://www.jstor.org/stable/107264.
^ Rose, Heinrich (1844). "Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Tantalite und ein im Tantalite von Baiern enthaltenes neues Metall" (in German). Annalen der Physik 139 (10): 317–341. doi:10.1002/andp.18441391006. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15148n/f327.table.
^ Rose, Heinrich (1847). "Ueber die Säure im Columbit von Nordamérika" (in German). Annalen der Physik 146 (4): 572–577. doi:10.1002/andp.18471460410. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15155x/f586.table.
^ Kobell, V. (1860). "Ueber eine eigenthümliche Säure, Diansäure, in der Gruppe der Tantal- und Niob- verbindungen". Journal für Praktische Chemie 79 (1): 291–303. doi:10.1002/prac.18600790145.
^ a b c Marignac, Blomstrand, H. Deville, L. Troost und R. Hermann (1866). "Tantalsäure, Niobsäure, (Ilmensäure) und Titansäure". Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 5 (1): 384–389. doi:10.1007/BF01302537.
^ a b c d e Gupta, C. K.; Suri, A. K. (1994). Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium. CRC Press. pp. 1–16. ISBN 0849360714.
^ Marignac, M. C. (1866). "Recherches sur les combinaisons du niobium" (in French). Annales de chimie et de physique 4 (8): 7–75. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34818t/f4.table.
^ Hermann, R. (1871). "Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen über die Verbindungen von Ilmenium und Niobium, sowie über die Zusammensetzung der Niobmineralien (Further research about the compounds of ilmenium and niobium, as well as the composition of niobium minerals)" (in German). Journal für Praktische Chemie 3 (1): 373–427. doi:10.1002/prac.18710030137.
^ "Niobium". Universidade de Coimbra. http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e04100.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ Geballe et al. (1993) gives a critical point at currents of 150 kiloamperes and magnetic fields of 8.8 tesla.
^ a b Geballe, Theodore H. (October 1993). "Superconductivity: From Physics to Technology" (PDF). Physics Today 46 (10): 52–56. doi:10.1063/1.881384.
^ Matthias, B. T.; Geballe, T. H.; Geller, S.; Corenzwit, E. (1954). "Superconductivity of Nb3Sn". Physical Review 95: 1435–1435. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.95.1435.
^ Kòrösy, F. (1939). "Reaction of Tantalum, Columbium and Vanadium with Iodine". Journal of the American Chemical Society 61 (4): 838–843. doi:10.1021/ja01873a018.
^ Ikenberry, Luther; Martin, J. L.; Boyer, W. J. (1953). "Photometric Determination of Columbium, Tungsten, and Tantalum in Stainless Steels". Analytical Chemistry 25 (9): 1340–1344. doi:10.1021/ac60081a011.
^ a b c Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Zheng, Zheng (2008). "Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy". Foundations of Chemistry 10 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1.
^ Clarke, F. W. (1914). "Columbium Versus Niobium". Science 39 (995): 139–140. doi:10.1126/science.39.995.139. PMID 17780662. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1640945.
^ a b c d e Patel, Zh.; Khul'ka K. (2001). "Niobium for Steelmaking" (PDF). Metallurgist 45 (11–12): 477–480. doi:10.1023/A:1014897029026.
^ Norman N., Greenwood (2003). "Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity to complexity". Catalysis Today 78 (1–4): 5–11. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8.
^ Lide, David R. (2004). "The Elements". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–21. ISBN 9780849304859.
^ Salles Moura, Hernane R.; Louremjo de Moura, Louremjo (2007). "Melting And Purification Of Niobium". AIP Conference Proceedings (American Institute of Physics) (927(Single Crystal - Large Grain Niobium Technology)): 165–178. ISSN 0094-243X. http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/927/165/1.
^ a b c d e f g h Nowak, Izabela; Ziolek, Maria (1999). "Niobium Compounds: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Heterogeneous Catalysis". Chemical Reviews 99 (12): 3603–3624. doi:10.1021/cr9800208.
^ a b c Georges, Audi (2003). "The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties". Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center) 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
^ a b c d e f g h Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1985). "Niob" (in German). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1075–1079. ISBN 3110075113.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4
^ Cardarelli, Francois (2008). Materials Handbook. Springer London. ISBN 978-1-84628-668-1.
^ Volk, Tatyana; Wohlecke, Manfred (2008). Lithium Niobate: Defects, Photorefraction and Ferroelectric Switching. Springer. pp. 1–9. ISBN 9783540707653.
^ a b Agulyansky, Anatoly (2004). The Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium Fluoride Compounds. Elsevier. pp. 1–11. ISBN 9780444516046.
^ Ram, R.S.; Rinskopf, N.; Liévin, J.; Bernatha, P.F. (2004). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 228: 544–553. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf.
^ a b c d Soisson, Donald J.; McLafferty, J. J.; Pierret, James A. (1961). "Staff-Industry Collaborative Report: Tantalum and Niobium". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 53 (11): 861–868. doi:10.1021/ie50623a016.
^ Andrade, C. K. Z.; Rocha, R. O.; Russowsky, D.; & Godoy, M. N. (2005). "Studies on the Niobium Pentachloride-Mediated Nucleophilic Additions to an Enantiopure Cyclic N-acyliminium Ion Derived from (S)-malic acid". Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 16: 535–539. doi:10.1590/S0103-50532005000400007. http://jbcs.sbq.org.br/online/2005/vol16_n3B/06-144-04.pdf.
^ C. R. Lucas, J. A. Labinger, J. Schwartz (1990). Robert J. Angelici. ed. "Dichlorobis(η5-Cyclopentadienyl)Niobium(IV)". Inorganic Syntheses (New York: J. Wiley & Sons) 28: 267–270. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch68. ISBN 0-471-52619-3.
^ Verevkin, A.; Pearlman, A.; Slstrokysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; N. Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, Roman (2004). "Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications". Journal of Modern Optics 51 (12): 1447–1458. doi:10.1080/09500340410001670866.
^ Lindenhovius, J.L.H. (2000). "Powder-in-tube (PIT) Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors for high-field magnets". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 10: 975–978. doi:10.1109/77.828394.
^ Nave, Carl R. "Superconducting Magnets". Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/solids/scmag.html. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
^ Emsley, John (2001). "Niobium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–286. ISBN 0198503407.
^ Lumpkin, Gregory R.; Ewing, Rodney C. (1995). "Geochemical alteration of pyrochlore group minerals: Pyrochlore subgroup". American Mineralogist 80: 732–743. http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/TOC/Articles_Free/1995/Lumpkin_p732-743_95.pdf.
^ a b c Kouptsidis, J. "Niob für TESLA" (in German). Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY. http://tesla.desy.de/new_pages/TESLA_Reports/2001/pdf_files/tesla2001-27.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
^ Tither, Geoffrey (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Metals and Materials Society Minerals. ed. "Progress in Niobium Markets and Technology 1981–2001" (pdf). Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Niobium 2001 Ltd, 2002). ISBN 9780971206809. http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf.
^ Dufresne, Claude; Goyette, Ghislain (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Metals and Materials Society Minerals. ed. "The Production of Ferroniobium at the Niobec mine 1981–2001" (pdf). Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Niobium 2001 Ltd, 2002). ISBN 9780971206809. http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_1/images/pdfs/start.pdf.
^ Choudhury, Alok; Hengsberger, Eckart (1992). "Electron Beam Melting and Refining of Metals and Alloys". The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan International 32 (5): 673–681. http://db1.wdc-jp.com/isij/abst/199205/is320673.html." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20071107073235/http://db1.wdc-jp.com/isij/abst/199205/is320673.html.
^ Papp, John F. "Niobium (Columbium)". USGS 2006 Commodity Summary. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/colummcs06.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
^ a b Papp, John F. "Niobium (Columbium)". USGS 2007 Commodity Summary. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/colummcs07.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
^ Papp, John F. "Niobium (Columbium)". USGS 1997 Commodity Summary. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/230397.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
^ a b Papp, John F. "Niobium (Columbium ) and Tantalum". USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/myb1-2006-niobi.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
^ a b Heisterkamp, Friedrich; Tadeu Carneiro (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Metals and Materials Society Minerals. ed. "Niobium: Future Possibilities – Technology and the Market Place" (pdf). Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Niobium 2001 Ltd, 2002). ISBN 9780971206809. http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/closing.pdf.
^ Eggert, Peter; Priem, Joachim; Wettig, Eberhard (1982). "Niobium: a steel additive with a future" (PDF). Economic Bulletin 19 (9): 8–11. doi:10.1007/BF02227064.
^ Hillenbrand, Hans–Georg; Gräf, Michael; Kalwa, Christoph (2001-05-02). "Development and Production of High Strength Pipeline Steels". Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Europipe). http://www.europipe.com/files/ep_tp_43_01en.pdf.
^ Donachie, Matthew J. (2002). Superalloys: A Technical Guide. ASM International. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9780871707499.
^ Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. "Nickel Based Superalloys". University of Cambridge. http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2003/Superalloys/superalloys.html. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ Pottlacher, G.; Hosaeus, H.; Wilthan, B.; Kaschnitz, E.; Seifter, A. (2002). "Thermophysikalische Eigenschaften von festem und flüssigem Inconel 718" (in German). Thermochimica Acta 382: 55–267. doi:10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00751-1.
^ a b Hebda, John (2001-05-02). "Niobium alloys and high Temperature Applications" (pdf). Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração). http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_3/images/pdfs/016.pdf.
^ a b Peiniger, M.; Piel, H. (1985). "A Superconducting Nb3Sn Coated Multicell Accelerating Cavity". Nuclear Science 32 (5): 3610. doi:10.1109/TNS.1985.4334443.
^ Glowacki, B. A.; Yan, X. -Y.; Fray, D.; Chen, G.; Majoros, M.; Shi, Y. (2002). "Niobium based intermetallics as a source of high-current/high magnetic field superconductors". Physica C: Superconductivity 372–376 (3): 1315–1320. doi:10.1016/S0921-4534(02)01018-3.
^ Grunblatt, G.; Mocaer, P.; Verwaerde Ch.; Kohler, C. (2005). "A success story: LHC cable production at ALSTOM-MSA". Fusion Engineering and Design (Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Fusion Technology) 75–79: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.216.
^ Grill, Robert; Gnadenberge, Alfred (2006). "Niobium as mint metal: Production–properties–processing". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 24 (4): 275–282. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008.
^ "25 Euro - 150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway (2004)". Austrian Mint. http://austrian-mint.at/bimetallmuenzen?l=en&muenzeSubTypeId=113&muenzeId=217. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
^ "150 Jahre Semmeringbahn" (in German). Austrian Mint. http://www.austrian-mint.at/cms/download.php?downloadId=131. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ "Coin of Time". Bank of Latvia. http://www.bank.lv/eng/main/all/lvnaud/jubmon/nmp/time/. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
^ "Coin of Time II". Bank of Latvia. http://www.bank.lv/eng/main/all/lvnaud/jubmon/nmp/time2/. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
^ Mallela, Venkateswara Sarma; Ilankumaran, V.; Srinivasa Rao, N. (01 Jan 2004). "Trends in Cardiac Pacemaker Batteries" (PDF). Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 4 (4): 201–212. PMID 16943934. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1502062.
^ Godley, Reut; Starosvetsky, David; Gotman, Irena (2004). "Bonelike apatite formation on niobium metal treated in aqueous NaOH" (PDF). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 15: 1073–1077. doi:10.1023/B:JMSM.0000046388.07961.81. http://www.springerlink.com/content/l5613670648017wp/.
^ Biason Gomes, M. A.; Onofre, S.; Juanto, S.; Bulhões, L. O. de S. (1991). "Anodization of niobium in sulphuric acid media". Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 21 (11): 1023–1026. doi:10.1007/BF01077589.
^ Chiou, Y. L. (1971). "A note on the thicknesses of anodized niobium oxide films". Thin Solid Films 8 (4): R37–R39. doi:10.1016/0040-6090(71)90027-7.
^ Azevedo, C. R. F.; Spera, G.; Silva, A. P. (2002). "Characterization of metallic piercings that caused adverse reactions during use". Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 2 (4): 47–53. doi:10.1007/BF02715453 (inactive 2008-11-12). http://www.springerlink.com/content/575x64408lnk560j/.
^ Henderson, Stanley Thomas; Marsden, Alfred Michael; Hewitt, Harry (1972). Lamps and Lighting. Edward Arnold Press. pp. 244–245. ISBN 0-7131-3267-1.
^ Eichelbrönner, G. (1998). "Refractory metals: crucial components for light sources" (PDF). International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 16 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1016/S0263-4368(98)00009-2.
^ Michaluk, Christopher A.; Huber, Louis E.; Ford, Robert B. (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Metals and Materials Society Minerals. ed. "Niobium and Niobium 1% Zirconium for High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Discharge Lamps". Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Niobium 2001 Ltd, 2002). ISBN 9780971206809.
^ US5,254,836 (PDF version) (1993-10-19) Okada, Yuuji; Kobayashi, Toshihiko; Sasabe, Hiroshi; Aoki, Yoshimitsu; Nishizawa, Makoto; Endo, Shunji, Method of arc welding with a ferrite stainless steel welding rod.
^ Pozdeev, Y. (1991). "Reliability comparison of tantalum and niobium solid electrolytic capacitors". Quality and Reliability Engineering International 14 (2): 79–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1638(199803/04)14:2<79::AID-QRE163>3.0.CO;2-Y.
^ Jahnke, L.P.; Frank, R.G.; Redden, T.K. (1960). "Columbium Alloys Today". Metal Progr. 77 (6): 69–74. http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4183692.
^ Nikulina, A. V. (2003). "Zirconium-Niobium Alloys for Core Elements of Pressurized Water Reactors". Metal Science and Heat Treatment 45 (7–8): 287–292. doi:10.1023/A:1027388503837.
^ Lilje, L.; Kakob, E.; Kostina, D.; Matheisena, A.; Möllera, W. -D.; Procha, D.; Reschkea, D.; Saitob, K. Schmüserc, P.; Simrocka, S.; Suzukid T.; Twarowskia, K. (2004). "Achievement of 35 MV/m in the superconducting nine-cell cavities for TESLA". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 524: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2004.01.045.
^ Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik (2008). "A Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory". Review of Scientific Instruments 79: 0345011–03451010. doi:10.1063/1.2890099.
^ Vilaplana, J.; Romaguera, C.; Grimalt, F.; Cornellana, F. (1990). "New trends in the use of metals in jewellery". Contact Dermatitis 25 (3): 145–148. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01819.x.
^ Vilaplana, J.; Romaguera, C. (1998). "New developments in jewellery and dental materials". Contact Dermatitis 39 (2): 55–57. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05832.x.
^ a b Haley, Thomas J.; Komesu, N.; Raymond, K. (1962). "Pharmacology and toxicology of niobium chloride". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 4 (3): 385–392. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(62)90048-0.
^ Downs, William L.; Scott, James K.; Yuile, Charles L.; Caruso, Frank S.; Wong, Lawrence C. K. (1965). "The Toxicity of Niobium Salts". American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 26 (4): 337–346. doi:10.1080/00028896509342740. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a789022664~db=all.
^ Schroeder, Henry A.; Mitchener, Marian; Nason, Alexis P. (01 Jan 1970). "Zirconium, Niobium, Antimony, Vanadium and Lead in Rats: Life term studies". Journal of Nutrition 100 (1): 59–68. PMID 5412131. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/1/59.
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Niobium
Look up niobium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Los Alamos National Laboratory – Niobium
WebElements.com – Niobium
Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center
Niobium for particle accelerators eg ILC. 2005
[show]v • d • ePeriodic table
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cp Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanoids Actinoids Transition metals Other metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases
[show]v • d • e Niobium compounds
NbBr5 · NbC · NbCl5 · NbN · NbO · NbO2 · Nb2O5
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium"
Categories: Chemical elements | Niobium | Transition metals
Hidden categories: Pages with DOIs broken since 2008 | Articles containing Portuguese language text | Featured articles
ViewsArticle Discussion Edit this page History Personal toolsTry Beta Log in / create account Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Search
Interaction
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Donate to Wikipedia
Help
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
This page was last modified on 20 August 2009 at 18:41. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers
IMO Scott is concerned for the well being of SHAREHOLDERS. Which would mean, LOL, that he is concerned for the daytrader while the daytrader is holding shares. Seriously, I have read more than once that Scott does have shareholder interests as one of his priorities.
NEWS
Sarissa Resources Inc. Nemegosenda Drilling Update
2009-08-20 09:30 ET - News Release
OAKVILLE, ON -- (MARKET WIRE) -- 08/20/09
Sarissa Resources Inc. ("Sarissa" or the "Company") (PINKSHEETS: SRSR) is pleased to announce the completion of a further three diamond drill holes on its 100% owned niobium property in northern Ontario. These three vertical holes continued on from the original nine hole program completed earlier this year. The previous drilling program had indicated a resource of 11,000,000 tonnes of 0.46% Nb2O5 within the Hawke Zone (previously the D Zone) as outlined in the Technical Report prepared by Billiken Management Services Inc. in July 2009.
The current program was targeted to test the eastern extension of the previously identified resource, and was conducted under the guidance of Hillar Pintson M.Sc., P.Geo. The core from this current program is being logged and split, and samples being prepared for assay. As these results are obtained, the Company will continue to update the Hawke Zone indicated resource.
In addition the Company has opened up some trenches in the SE Zone. Scintillomoter readings taken within the trenching area have provided significant readings. A program of line cutting will be undertaken in this area in preparation for drill testing and delineation of the zone.
The SE Zone "occurs 1500 metres south east of the 'D' Zone [Hawke Zone]. From the 1955 and 1956 drilling programs by Dominion Gulf, plus re-assaying of nine drill holes by Musto Explorations in 1988 which covered this area, a historical resource of Niobium mineralization was indicated to exist within an area of some 700m X 250m to a depth of 200m." ("Technical Report on the Nemegosenda Property for Sarissa Resources Inc." -- July 21, 2009 -- Billiken Management Services Inc.)
Dr. Cam Cheriton, a director of Sarissa, is a "qualified person" within the meaning of National Instrument 43-101 and has read and is responsible for the technical information contained in this news release.
Safe Harbor
This press release contains statements, which may constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Those statements include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of Sarissa Resources, Inc., and members of its management as well as the assumptions on which such statements are based. Prospective investors are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and that actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements. Important factors currently known to management that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-statements include fluctuation of operating results, the ability to compete successfully and the ability to complete before-mentioned transactions. The company undertakes no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to future operating results.
About Sarissa Resources Inc.:
Sarissa Resources Inc. is a junior exploration company with interests in properties with base metal, precious metal, uranium, niobium and rare-earth prospects in Northern Ontario, Canada.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
Contact:
www.sarissaresources.com
and
http://nemegosenda.sarissaresources.com/
STXG is IMO not one of the more commonly seen MMs. Is it possible that he is buying for other than us common investors / traders?
Very interesting. And thank you for including the definition of Offtake, as I did not know what it is. I wonder if the other party would be picking up shares before the agreement.....or would that be considered trading on insider information?
Folks, remember.....Interesting week or not, PR or not, news or not, run or not, PPS increase or not, PPS drop or not.....NONE OF THIS MATTERS IN THE LONG RUN! This Company will succeed, and the value will increase, regardless of what happens regarding news, PRs, PPS, etc., on a day to day or week to week or even month to month basis. Remind yourselves of that, and the variations in PPS that so upset some of us will not be as upsetting.
Correct. Someone using AUTO put in an ask of .102 and I thought, yeah, we'll close at .102. What a surprise we didn't. AUTO must be miffed; he is now sitting at an ask of $2.00 LOL.
....Technologies like gas direct-injection and high-strength steel ...
And just where will they get the ingredients for "high-strength steel".....
Can you say the N word?
from: http://blogs.motortrend.com/6540631/car-news/what-exactly-is-the-cadillac-xts/index.html
DETROIT - General Motors has some big news planned for Tuesday. A viral marketing campaign involving the number "230" is expected to reveal the official fuel mileage numbers for the 2011 Chevrolet Volt, although there has been some argument over how the Environmental Protection Agency would fairly apply its fuel mileage test to the extended-range electric-powered sedan. And the twittersphere is all atwitter over the Cadillac sedan to be revealed to the media.
Back in late April, I reported that Cadillac was working on "GM 166," an Epsilon-based sedan that would be larger and wider than the Epsilon II ('10 Buick LaCrosse, '09 Opel Insignia) platform. GM's Holden has been working on this so-called super-Epsilon in Australia. I reported that it would slot below the CTS, at least in price and status, and would leave room for a larger-than-CTS RWD sedan.
I was wrong about that last part. The GM 166, or XTS, now looks like the replacement for the DTS (the 2010 DTS is pictured) and STS and will serve as Cadillac's "flagship." Whether the XTS will really be the Cadillac to which CTS owners aspire remains to be seen. With its new wagon version and upcoming coupe, Cadillac is establishing the CTS as its mainstream car, which I guess could be taken as its "bread-and-butter" car, a very modern sort of DeVille. The true flagship (or at least Cadillac's most expensive model) is likely to remain the CTS-v.
While Cadillac counts the CTS as a midsize car, it's pretty close to full-size by modern standards. Beside all the dynamic advantages of RWD in a 273 lb-ft, 3.6-liter gas direct-injection V-6-powered car, the CTS has just the right looks for a modern Cadillac, thanks largely to its dash-to-axle proportions. Just as it's hard for me to put the larger Lincoln MKS in the same class as the CTS, I'll think of a larger Epsilon XTS as something of a step down.
I get the feeling Cadillac thinks of it that way, too. The mentor of Cadillac's new chief, Bryan Nesbitt, is Bob Lutz, a devotee of rear-drive, having pushed for years for a Cadillac S-Class fighter based on the Sixteen concept. While GM's lack of capital leading to its bankruptcy, and now the 2012-16 Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards killed off hopes of a RWD Cadillac DT7, plus a RWD Buick and Chevy Impala, the automaker's design studios are said to be busier than ever on future models. The coming CAFE standards aren't as bad as expected. Technologies like gas direct-injection and high-strength steel will make it easier to meet the new standards without reverting to a fleet of Fiat 500-size cars. Meanwhile, GM needs to keep spending money on the CTS, to refresh and update it, lest it become Cadillac's answer to the Lincoln LS.
Meanwhile, Cadillac's 3 Series-sized Alpha RWD project, while reportedly lacking development money, is still being considered. And if you believe the latest Twitter chatter, a concept version of the vehicle -- called ATS -- has been shown. While GM is stepping back from plans to make Cadillac a global luxury player, Caddy's competitors remain Mercedes, BMW and Lexus. They all do rear-wheel-drive, except for the Mercedes A- and B-Classes, Lexus ES, RX and HS.
GM's chief executive officer, Fritz Henderson, has announced plans for an Initial Public Offering by July 10, 2010. It will be the first step toward shedding government ownership of the world's second-largest automaker. Let's hope that means GM's big-car strategy, especially for Cadillac, gets back on track in time for next year's product and technology preview.
I have put market orders in on pinksheet stocks, but I used Zecco, so maybe it is a broker specific limitation.
There are probably a few reasons that Management could easily release a statement summarizing their NI report to the lay people, but have decided not to, but IMO being a REAL company (which they surely are) is not one of them.
Respectfully, I don't quite disagree, but we have said that too many times in the last week or so....and we were wrong every time....too much like the boy who cried wolf.....so please I humbly request we stop the "never get them this cheap again" kind of posts.
It is not a falling knife. It is mana from heaven, and we would be well advised to catch it.
SRSR is not a typical pinkie. There is too much proof otherwise.
Management and Merle have not conveyed that sentiment to me. Rather, it has been documented that Scott Keevil is very interested in the shareholders and their well being. Just read the DD here.
Regarding longs selling.....that I do agree with, IMO it only takes one long with a low average cost and millions of shares to drop the price. Normally that would not matter, because those shares would be picked quickly up by buyers, and that long would not have to keep dropping his price. Unfortunately the buyers have not arrived yet - but IMO they WILL!!! This is one of the best company and stock I have ever seen.
Posted by: I Go Long Date: Wednesday, August 05, 2009 12:17:46 PM
In reply to: None Post # of 65353
This is disgusting.
Many here have said that this is not your average pinkie stock. Well, I am here to tell you. Yes, it most definitely is a typical pinkie.
A run up to 0.20 and back down to who knows what. The same damn spot we were before. All while management (or at least their representative, Merle) conveys the sentiment that they do not care about the stock price and are not concerned about what is going on here.
Guess what? A company that is not concerned with their stock price is a company not concerned with their shareholders, either. Simple as that.
Also, it's my opinion that many of the longs on here that have been touting this thing all the way up have sold quite a bit of their shares over the past week, or so. Just too much selling volume for that not to be the case.
Not a good reason IMO. There are pink stocks that run every day. Junk stocks, that run like crazy, and have no reason to, except for pumping. SRSR, which is the best pink stock I ever saw, is, plain and simply, being manipulated. The sharks / MMs / whatevers expect to wear us down, drop the pps a LOT, then buy and make a killing when the eventual monster run happens. Our only recourse, again IMO, is to keep the faith and eventually we will be rewarded.
Did anyone else see the momentary bid .091 ask .0905?
Not bad for the company - IMO the company has improved its standing and worth by many orders of magnitude! Just bad for the pps.
Well, at least our Chairman and Chief Executive is alive and well and generating activity, even if in another company / companies LOL.
http://biz.yahoo.com/e/090702/penc.ob8-k.html
Form 8-K for PINNACLE ENERGY CORP.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Jul-2009
Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement, Change in Directors or Principa
ITEM 1.01 ENTRY INTO A MATERIAL DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT
On June 30, 2009, the Company entered into an Employment Agreement with Mr. David Walters, the Company's new Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (see Item 5.02 below). Pursuant to such agreement, which has a term of one (1) year, Mr. Walters will receive a base salary of $180,000, plus 500,000 shares of the Company's common stock. Mr. Walters is also entitled to participate in any benefits, such as pension benefit plans, welfare plans, including medical, dental, life, disability and travel plans, and four (4) weeks of paid vacation. A copy of Mr. Walters' Employment Agreement is filed herewith this Form 8-K as Exhibit 10.1.
On June 30, 2009, the Company entered into a Support Services Agreement with Strands Management Company, LLC, a California limited liability company ("Strands"). Pursuant to such Agreement, Strands will perform certain management services on behalf of the Company, including but not limited to performing all principal accounting and financial officer duties, direct all finance, accounting and treasury functions including SEC filings, audits, cash forecasting, cash management and compliance in accounting/financial reporting. In exchange for such services, the Company will compensate Strands at the rate of $10,000 per month, 50,000 shares of common stock and Strands shall have the right to participate with the Company's other executive officers in any executive stock option plan adopted by the Company. The term of this agreement is one (1) year.
Pursuant to this agreement, the Company has appointed Mr. Matt Szot, CFO of Strands, as the Company's CFO and Secretary.
ITEM 5.02 DEPARTURE OF DIRECTORS OR CERTAIN OFFICERS; ELECTION OF DIRECTORS; APPOINTMENT OF CERTAIN OFFICERS
Effective June 30, 2009, W. Scott Lawler resigned as the Company's Chief Executive Officer and from the Company's Board of Directors. Mr. Lawler's decision to resign was based on the demands on his time from other professional commitments, and not the result of any disagreement relating to the Company's operations, policies or practices.
On June 30, 2009, David Walters, 46, assumed the role as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer.
Mr. Walters is a founder and principal of Strands and Monarch Bay Associates, LLC ("Monarch Bay"), and has extensive experience in investment management, corporate growth development strategies and capital markets. From 1992 through 2000, he was an executive vice president and managing director in charge of capital markets for Roth Capital (formerly Cruttenden Roth), were he managed the capital markets group and led over 100 financings (public and private), raising over $2 billion in growth capital. Additionally, Mr. Walters oversaw a research department that covered over 100 public companies, and was responsible for the syndication, distribution and after-market trading of the public offerings. From 1992 through 2000, he managed the public offerings for Cruttenden Roth, which was the most prolific public underwriter in the U.S. for deals whose post-offering market cap was less than $100 million. Mr. Walters sat on Roth's Board of Directors from 1994 through 2000. Previously, he was a vice president for both Drexel Burnham Lambert and Donaldson Lufkin and Jenrette in Los Angeles, and he ran a private equity investment fund. Mr. Walters earned a B.S. in Bioengineering from the University of California, San Diego.
Mr. Walters also serves on the board of directors of the following public companies:
- Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive of Monarch Staffing, Inc. and STI Group, Inc.;
- Chairman of the Board of Directors of Remote Dynamics, Inc.;
- Member of the Board of Directors of MGMT Energy, Inc. and Precision Aerospace Components, Inc.
Mr. Walters is an owner and principal of Strands, a party to the Support Services Agreement disclosed in Item 1.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. Accordingly, he has a financial interest in the transactions covered by the Support Services Agreement. A copy of the Support Services Agreement is filed as Exhibit 10.2 to this Current Report on Form 8-K.
The Company also appointed Mr. Matt Szot as the Company's Chief Financial Officer and Secretary. Mr. Szot, 35, brings to the team his extensive knowledge of developing and implementing financial and operational process improvements, strategic planning, mergers and acquisitions, financings, valuations of complex securities and capital structures, technical accounting and finance, and SEC reporting and compliance.
Since February 2007, Mr. Szot has served as the Chief Financial Officer for Strands. Mr. Szot also serves as Chief Financial Officer for Management Energy, Inc. (MMEX), Monarch Bay Associates, LLC, and serves as Treasurer of KG3, Inc. and Lathian Health. From June 2003 to October 2006, Mr. Szot served as Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of Rip Curl, Inc., a market leader in wetsuit and action sports apparel products. From 1996 to 2003, Mr. Szot was a Certified Public Accountant with KPMG in the San Diego and Chicago offices and served as an Audit Manager for various publicly traded and privately held companies.
ITEM 8.01 OTHER EVENTS
DESCRIPTION OF NEW BUSINESS
The Company announced that it will transition from the coal business to renewable energy property acquisition and management. The Company will focus on purchasing and/or leasing non-productive land in order to reposition the land for use as an alternative energy facility or another sustainable development project.
CANCELLATION OF SHARES
On June 30, 2009, the Company's prior sole officer and director, Mr. Nolan Weir, cancelled and returned to treasury 5,000,000 shares of common stock held in his name. The cancellation of such shares resulted in the number of the Company's issued and outstanding shares decreasing to 10,840,000 shares.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 9.01 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND EXHIBITS
(b) Exhibits
10.1 Employment Agreement dated June 30, 2009, by and between the Company and David Walters.
10.2 Support Services Agreement dated June 30, 2009, by and between the Company and Strands Management Company LLC.
Mr DICK please clarify. Here you say "I don't think Keevil is looking at the PPS"
so what did you mean here?????
Posted by: Mr Theodore Dick Date: Wednesday, July 29, 2009 11:02:39 AM
In reply to: NiobiumCurrency who wrote msg# 63404 Post # of 63673
srsr will be trading at 0.05-0.1 (imo)for the next 18 months until the drilling is done and the next step in the mine development process can be begun. keevil said as much in his interview.
Well, I meant that there would be water in the teacup LOL.
When the big volume buyers arrive, either the manipulation stops, or the MMs go broke - for them, it would then be like trying to put out a fire with a teacup.
Keep the faith, brother! You are one of the longtimers, and while your emotions are being rattled by these clever and persistent MMS / thieves / sharks / etc., your brain and logic know this is ony temporary. Remember - the bigger the prize, the more persistent the attempts to steal it!!!!!