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Oct 7 1965 - Robert Mitera’s tee shot, aided by a 50-m.p.h. tailwind, traveled 447 yards to the pin, and dropped in for the longest hole-in-one in golf history. This at the 10th hole of the Miracle Hills Country Club, Omaha, Nebraska.
also
Oct 7 1985 - Terrorists hijacked an Italian cruise ship, "Achille Lauro", demanding the release of prisoners held by Israel. Of the four hundred people on board, only Leon Klinghoffer, wheelchairbound, was shot to death; an example that the four Palestinian gunmen meant business. They surrendered two days later to the Egyptians who promised them free passage out of their country. When Klinghoffer’s body was returned to his native New York City, New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan said that Leon Klinghoffer died “because he was an American, because he was a Jew and because he was a free man.”
Sep. 27, 1951...MeatLoaf...singer/actor....born...
Meat Loaf (born Marvin Lee Aday, September 27, 1947) is a rock and roll performer who is best known for his hit song "Paradise By the Dashboard Light" and for his performance as Eddie in the Rocky Horror Picture Show.
He got his name, the story goes, when he was a high-school football player growing up in Texas. When he stepped on his coach's foot accidentally, the coach called him a "big hunk of meat loaf". When he began his performing career, he adopted the term as his stage name.
"Paradise By the Dashboard Light" is about a boy who wants sexual intercourse with a girl. She agrees on the condition that he will love her for ever. He reluctantly agrees. Afterwards he regrets his promise but does not want to break it: he prays for the end of time, so he can end his time with her.
His album Bat out of Hell, with words and music by Jim Steinman, was a huge commercial and critical success. In addition to "Paradise by the Dashboard Light", the album also featured "Two out of Three Ain't Bad".
Sep 27, 1954...The "Tonight Show" debuts on NBC...
After years in radio, Allen became the original host of The Tonight Show, from its first New York broadcast in 1953, up until 1957, when he was replaced by Jack Paar. It was as host of the Tonight Show that Allen pioneered the "man on the street" and audience-participation comedy bits that have become commonplace in late-night TV.
Allen went on to host a slew of television programs up until the 1980s, including the game show I've Got A Secret and The New Steve Allen Show in 1961.
Allen was also a composer who supposedly wrote over 7000 songs. In one famous stunt, Allen wrote 400 simple tunes in a single day. Allen's best known songs are "This Could Be The Start of Something Big" and the "Gravy Waltz", which won a Grammy Award in 1963 for best jazz composition. Allen was also an actor, appearing in such films as 1955's The Benny Goodman Story.
Allen was also an accomplished comedy writer, and author of over 50 books, including Dumbth, a commentary on the American educational system and Steve Allen on the Bible, Religion, and Morality (with Martin Gardner). Allen was a secular humanist and Humanist Laureate for the Academy of Humanism, a member of CSICOP and the Council for Secular Humanism. Allen was also the producer of the award-winning PBS series Meeting of Minds, a "talk show" with notable historical figures, with Steve Allen serving as host. This series pitted Socrates, Marie Antoinette, Tom Paine, Sir Thomas More, Attila the Hun, Karl Marx, Emily Dickinson, Charles Darwin, Galileo Galilei, and other historical figures in dialogue and argument. A proposed revival of this show was rejected as "too cerebral".
Allen died of heart failure.
Quote
"How many humanists does it take to screw in a lightbulb?," he asked. His response was "Ten: one to screw in the lightbulb and nine to fight for the right to do so!"
The second National Park in the United States is created(designated):
"Information about Sequoia National Park
Sequoia National Park is located in the central Sierra Nevada mountain range. It can be reached by taking highway 198 east out of the city of Visalia. Continue east until the Ash Mountain Sequoia National Park entrance is reached. From this point north, highway 198 is known as the Generals highway and is the main road through the park. The north entrance to the park can be reached by taking highway 180 east out of Fresno. Continue east until the Kings Canyon entrance is reached at Grants Grove. The Generals highway will lead to south from Grants Grove.
Sequoia is the second oldest park in the National Park system, being predated only by Yellowstone National Park. It is named for the many groves of Giant Sequoia trees which are the largest living things on earth. The largest of these trees is the General Sherman which is between 2,300 and 2,700 years old. This tree has a ground circumference of 103 feet and weighs an estimated 1,385 tons. Its largest branch is almost seven feet in diameter. The effort to preserve this area came from a diverse group of San Joaquin Valley residents in the 1880s. Some park proponents sought to protect water supplies for irrigation while others wanted to protect the big trees from further logging. This effort bore fruit when president Benjamin Harrison signed into law a bill creating Sequoia National park on September 25, 1890.
The Sierra Nevada is the largest single mountain range in the United States. It stretches nearly 400 miles from Tehachapi Pass in the South to Lake Almanor in the North. It is nearly as large as the French, Swiss and Italian Alps combined. Sequoia National Park contains many scenic glacier carved canyons in addition to the Sequoia groves. Due to the presence of limestone, caves are another feature of the park. Over 100 caves have been discovered in the Sequoia Kings Canyon area. One of these, Crystal Cave, is open to visitor tours in the summer. Sequoia also contains Mt. Whitney which at 14,494 feet is the highest peak in the Lower 48 states.
There are several campgrounds in the park that are operated by the park service. Some can accommodate RV vehicles while others offer more primitive facilities. In addition, private concessionaires operate a lodge which is located in the Giant Forest Village. "
http://www.cyberhikes.com/HSNPINFO.HTM
see also - http://www.nps.gov/seki/
The first newspaper published in America....(had a short history):
"Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick, the first newspaper published in America, was printed by Richard Pierce and edited by Benjamin Harris in Boston on September 25, 1690. It filled only 3 of 4 six by ten inch pages of a folded sheet of paper. The journalist stated in his his first (and only) issue that he would issue the newspaper "once a month, or, if any Glut of Occurrences happen, oftener."
Benjamin Harris's news was real news and was the first and last offered to Americans for many years. Publick Occurrences was brought to an end after only one issue by an outraged administration, claiming that it contained "reflections of a very high order." It was printed without authority. An aroused bureaucracy issued a broadside warning against future publications of any kind without "licence [sic] first obtained from those appointed by the Government to grant the same."
Fourteen years elapsed between the appearance of America's first and second newspapers. John Campbell, a bookseller appointed Postmaster of Boston, was the editor. His newspaper was the Boston News-Letter and the first issue was dated Monday, April 17 to Monday April 24, 1704. The pages were slightly larger than those of Publick Occurrences.
In the first issue of the News-Letter there was only one advertisement: "This News-Letter is to be continued Weekly, and all persons who have any lands, houses, tenements, farms, ships, vessels, goods, wares or merchandise to be sold or lett; or servants runaway, or goods Stoll [sic], or lost, may have the same inserted at a reasonable rate; From Twelve Pence to Five Shillings and not to exceed. Who may agree with Nicholas Boone for the same, at his shop next door to Major Davis's apothecary, in Boston, near the Old Meeting House. All persons in Town and Country may have the same News-Letter, Weekly, upon reasonable tearms [sic], agreeing with John Campbell, Post-Master, for the same." This newspaper was never very prosperous.
When William Brooker was appointed Postmaster to replace Campbell, Brooker wanted to continue the newspaper under the same title. Campbell held out and refused to authorize the use of the title News-Letter to anyone else. Brooker sidestepped the matter and called his newspaper the Boston Gazette which made its first appearance on December 21, 1719. Likely for this reason, there was great animosity between the two newspapers. An early issue of the News-Letter carried this editorial: "I pity the reader of the new paper; it is not fit reading for the people."
Seven months later, Philip Musgrave was awarded the position of Postmaster in Boston and replaced Brooker. At this time, James Franklin, the printer of the Gazette, was also replaced. Franklin wanted to start his own newspaper despite friends and family telling him that Boston already had enough newspapers (2) and a third could not survive. Despite this, Franklin went ahead and published his own newspaper, the New England Courant on August 19, 1721. It became the fourth newspaper published in America.
Campbell, in his News-Letter commented in one of his issues: "...The New England Courant... by Homo Unius Negotii, or Jack of All Trades, and, it would seem, Good at None... giving some very, very frothy fulsome Account of himself..." When James Franklin published an editorial criticizing the government for lack of interest in getting rid of pirates that were harassing shipping off the New England coast he was sent to prison. James' 13 year old brother and apprentice, Ben, took over the work of laying type, printing, and delivery of the issues. Six months later, James Franklin was forbidden to publish any more newspapers so the masthead now carried the name Ben Franklin as editor and publisher. Young Ben, now legally being free of being an apprentice, and not liking his brother James, ran away to New York and later to Philadelphia. The New England Courant kept publishing issues claiming Ben Franklin was editor and publisher until 1726 without anyone being the wiser.
The first issue of the third newspaper in America, the American Weekly Mercury, was published in Philadelphia and was dated December 22, 1719 -- one day after Brooker's first issue of the Boston Gazette. The page size was about nine by thirteen inches. The editor was Andrew Bradford. While early issues were primarily news from London and Europe, Bradford ventured forth in one issue and printed a mild comment against the General Assembly. He was quickly summoned by the Authority for a scolding. Despite the warning, Bradford slowing started publishing more and more local news.
The fifth newspaper in America, also published in Boston, was the New-England Journal and its first issue was March 20, 1727 and was edited by Samuel Kneeland. Following the lead of the Courant, the Journal featured the letters, essays, and verses of its readers.
The sixth newspaper in America was published in 1727 in Annapolis and was titled the Maryland Gazette. The exact date of the first issue has not been officially recorded. It was edited by William Parks.
The seventh newspaper in America was the Universal Instructor in all the Arts and Sciences; and Pennsylvania Gazette. It was edited by Samuel Keimer and the first issue was dated December 24, 1728. The first two issues were filled with extracts from the book Chamber's Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Less than one year later, Keimer sold his newspaper to Benjamin Franklin and his partner Hugh Meredith. The title was then shortened to the Pennsylvania Gazette and the first issue under this title was dated Thursday September 25th to Thursday October 2nd, 1729.
Although short-lived, the eighth newspaper in America was the South-Carolina Gazette, edited by Thomas Whitmarsh. The first issue was dated January 8, 1731 and printed in Charleston. When the publisher died in 1734, Lewis Timothy established another newspaper with the same title.
It becomes unclear just which newspaper was the ninth and tenth newspaper published in America. The Weekly Rehearsal started as a magazine in 1731 but sometime in 1732 -- some sources state 1733 -- Thomas Fleet purchased the publication and turned it into a newspaper. (In 1735 the title was changed to the Boston Evening Gazette.) The exact date of the first newspaper issue is unknown. Eleazer Phillips began publishing the South-Carolina Weekly Journal, in 1732. Again, the exact date of the first issue is unknown."
"1957 Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock Central High School was to begin the 1957 school year desegregated. On September 2, the night before the first day of school, Governor Faubus announced that he had ordered the Arkansas National Guard to monitor the school the next day. When a group of nine black students arrived at Central High on September 3, the were kept from entering by the National Guardsmen. On September 20, judge Davies granted an injunction against Governor Faubus and three days later the group of nine students returned to Central High School. Although the students were not physically injured, a mob of 1,000 townspeople prevented them from remaining at school. Finally, President Eisenhower ordered 1,000 paratroopers and 10,000 National Guardsmen to Little Rock, and on September 25, Central High School was desegregated......"
http://www.sjbc.org/lr.htm
Susie...I shopped til I dropped today! We have a brand new Nordstrom store not too far from where I live so spent the whole day in that one store. I don't know much about them...are they in your area too?
It's an awesome store...huge.
Oops...just realized ...this is the History board...am kinda off topic, methinks..
Okay...I'm history! ;)
'Night Susie
WOW! Only 3 weeks younger than me!
HAPPY BIRTHDAY SUSIE "G"!
[Suppressed Sound Link]
Right back at ya Novo!
Where I live it's still 9/24...so HAPPY BIRTHDAY, gal. ;)
Do you know what time, Susie?
(4:38 a.m.)
Sept 24, 1954 - Susie "G" was born!!!!
Sep. 24, 1991, "Dr. Seuss".....Children's Author....dies
At the time of Theodor Seuss Geisel's death in 1991, his 46 children's books had sold more than 200 million copies, and his last, Oh, the Places You'll Go! (1990), was still on the bestseller lists. His books, which he both illustrated and wrote, have been translated into twenty languages as well as Braille.
Wockets, Whos, and Grinches
Better known by his pen name, Dr. Seuss, he populated his odd and fanciful children's books with a hybrid bestiary of Wockets, Whos, Grinches, bunches of Hunches, Bar-ba-loots, red fish, blue fish, and a fox in socks. He once remarked in an interview, "If I were invited to a dinner party with my characters, I wouldn't show up."
Seuss on Broadway? Click here for more about the new musical and national Dr. Seuss museum. His stories march forward at an incantatory, rhythmic pace, and are full of tongue-twisters, word play, and highly inventive vocabulary. The American Heritage Dictionary in fact credits Dr. Seuss as the originator of the word nerd, which made its
first appearance in his 1950 book, If I Ran the Zoo: "And then just to show them, I'll sail to Ka-Troo And Bring Back an It-Kutch a Preep and a Proo a Nerkle a Nerd and a Seersucker, too!"
Rejected by 28 Publishers
His books were originally considered too outlandish to appeal to children. His first, And to Think That I Saw it on Mulberry Street (1937), was reputedly rejected by twenty-eight publishers before it finally found a home at Random House. It was one of the company's most prescient decisions: former Random House President Bennett Cerf once remarked, "I've published any number of great writers, from William Faulkner to John O'Hara, but there's only one genius on my authors list. His name is Ted Geisel."
The Cat in the Hat
Among his most famous books is The Cat and the Hat (1957), a story about two children who find themselves home alone with a roguish, hat-wearing feline who is a study in bad behavior. With only 223 vocabulary words and much repetition, it was ideally suited for beginning readers and became a lively alternative to the wooden dullness of the "See Spot run" primers.
Green Eggs and Ham (1960) managed with a vocabulary of just fifty words to tell the story of a Seuss creature's relentless crusade to introduce a hapless furry character to a revolting dish.
Political Cartoonist and Documentary Filmmaker
In addition to becoming one of the world's most loved children's writers, Ted Geisel worked as a political cartoonist, an advertising illustrator, and a documentary filmmaker. Geisel also wrote other books under the pseudonyms Theo LeSieg and Rosetta Stone.
He graduated from Dartmouth College, where he edited the school humor magazine, and pursued a Ph.D. in English literature at Oxford, ultimately dropping out when he decided his studies were "astonishingly irrelevant." They certainly did little to aid his phantasmagorical imagination in the creation of the environmentally conscious Loraxes and fractious Sneetches, not to mention the indescribable Zubble-wumps and ooey-gooey green Ooblecks. Dr. Seuss claimed his ideas started with doodles: "I may doodle a couple of animals; if they bite each other, it's going to be a good book."
YESTERYEAR and TOMORROWYEAR in HISTORY!
There may not be enough corn available, but likely plenty of used SUV'S!....
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0762181.html
Sep. 23, 1920...Mickey Rooney...actor/singer/dancer...born
Mickey Rooney
(1920 - )
Biography from Baseline's Encyclopedia of Film
Occupation: Actor
Also: singer, dancer
Birth Name: Joe Yule, Jr.
Born: September 23, 1920, Brooklyn, NY
Compact, energetic performer who made his stage debut at the age of 18 months as part of his family's vaudeville act. Rooney made his film debut at age six and, from 1927 to 1933, starred in over 50 episodes of the two-reel comedy series, "Mickey McGuire." He adopted the name "Mickey Rooney" in 1932 and began landing bit parts in feature films, signing with MGM in 1934. Rooney was loaned out to Warner Bros. in 1935 and played a memorable Puck in the Max Reinhardt/William Dieterle production of A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. He enjoyed a popular, 15-film tenure as the brash title character in the "Andy Hardy" series (1937-47), turned in a fine performance in BOYS TOWN (1938) and enjoyed great success opposite Judy Garland in a number of breezy musicals. His roles in THE HUMAN COMEDY (1943) and NATIONAL VELVET (1944) confirmed his status as the nation's most popular film star.
Rooney established himself as a solid character actor in the postwar period, particularly with his roles in BABY FACE NELSON (1957) and BREAKFAST AT TIFFANY'S (1961). He made a triumphant stage debut in the late 1970s in the glitzy Broadway musical, Sugar Babies, and won widespread acclaim for his sensitive portrait of a retarded man in the 1981 TV drama, BILL. Rooney's eight wives have included actresses Ava Gardner and Martha Vickers.
Mickey Rooney
(1920 - )
Academy Awards®
Honorary and Other Awards 1938.
For their significant contribution in bringing to the screen the spirit and personification of youth, and as juvenile players setting a high standard of ability and achievement. Winners presented Miniature Statuettes.
Nominated for Actor 1939: BABES IN ARMS
Nominated for Actor 1943: THE HUMAN COMEDY
Nominated for Supporting Actor 1956: THE BOLD AND THE BRAVE
Nominated for Supporting Actor 1979: THE BLACK STALLION
Honorary and Other Awards 1982.
In recognition of his 60 years of versatility in a variety of memorable film performances. Winner presented a Statuette.
Audio File from the movie Requiem for a Heavyweight...1962
[Suppressed Sound Link]
Sep. 23, 1949...Bruce Springsteen...musician...born
"The Boss" hit the music industry with the release of his first album Greetings From Asbury Park, N.J., in 1973. The Wild, the Innocent, and The E Street Shuffle quickly followed this release. The albums received critical claim with comparisons to Bob Dylan, but did not sell well with the fans. Bruce Springsteen's career had begun.
Springsteen was born in Freehold, New Jersey, on September 23, 1949. He grew up in a "normal middle class family" and first started playing around with the guitar in High School. After graduating from High School he moved to New York to try and break into the Folk Music scene. After getting nowhere on this front he returned to, be it reluctantly, to Asbury Park, N.J. and hooked up with a number of bands. With brief stints with such bands as Rogues and Dr. Zoom and the Sonic Boom, Springsteen found himself a place with the E-Street Band, and with them he remained until 1989. Though, this wouldn't be the last time they would play together.
The 1973 albums marked the beginning of Springsteen's career and since then, "The Boss" has sold tens of millions of albums and won over legions of loyal fans worldwide in his 30 plus years as a "rock and roll legend". His break came after a tour with the band Chicago. Springsteen captivated the audiences in these live shows, and seeing an opportunity, the singer-songwriter came up with what is called his breakthrough effort Born to Run in 1974. The title song "Thunder Road"'s continuous playing on the radio brought the album to the top five. The album received an abundant of praise leading Springsteen to be dubbed the "Savior of Rock & Roll". Magazine's and Newspaper's were swarming to get him to appear in their publications.
After spending some time resolving management issues, the 1978 album Darkness on the Edge of Town was released. Marking the first of Springsteen's darker albums. Following this the album The River, in 1980 quickly went platinum in the United States and established Springsteen as an international star. Next was the release of his second darker album 1982's Nebraska. This album, an artistic despairing acoustic style recording, was recorded live in his New Jersey home and wasn't followed by a tour.
Switching gears again, "The Boss's" most famous release Born in the U.S.A came out in 1984. This pop style arena rock album sold 20 million copies and was followed by a massive two year long world wide tour. The new working class image of Born in the U.S.A. made Springsteen an international superstar. "The Boss" was born!
1987's Tunnel of Love was released during a time when Springsteen was facing marital problems. He began singing of lost love, emotional turmoil, and other adult concerns. He set off after this for one more tour with the E-Street Band and then in 1989 they parted ways. Three years later he released two albums Human Touch and Lucky Town. The first, Human Touch, was more radio orientated while Lucky Town, the latter, is seen as a step forward for the Springsteen. He did a stint on MTV's Unplugged program and then resumed touring in 1993.
Springsteen released the song "Streets of Philadelphia" for the movie "Philadelphia" which won him a Grammy award and an Oscar for "Best Song". With his career in full-comeback, he released a "Greatest Hits" album which seen him re-unit with the E-Street Band for some new tracks. Next came 1995's The Ghost of Tom Joad which was a return for Springsteen to the folk music style of his early career. This was followed by a release from Columbia records of a box set including 56 previously unreleased tracks and 10 B-sides called Tracks, in 1998.
After 30 years he is still going strong, "The Boss" is currently touring internationally and we can only wait and see what will be next.
Audio File Included in this post!
[Suppressed Sound Link]
Sep. 23, 1974...Cliff Arquette dies
Birthday: December 28, 1905
Birth Place: Toledo, Ohio, USA
Birth Name: Clifford Arquette
Date of death: September 23, 1974
Cause of death: Heart attack (Burbank, California, USA)
Also credited as:
Charley Weaver
Biography:
Comedian, actor, pianist, composer and songwriter. He was a night club pianist, later joining the Henry Halstead orchestra in 1923. He created the character of "Charlie Weaver" for The Jack Paar Show, and portrayed "Mrs. Butterworth" in television commercials. He joined ASCAP in 1959, and his chief musical collaborator was Charles "Bud" Dant. His popular-song compositions include: "It's Xmas in Mount Idy" "Just Got a Letter from Mama"; "On the Boardwalk at Snider's Swamp"; "Fight for Sub-Normal U"; "Who'll Sign the Pardon for Wallace Swine?"; and "Don't Give the Chair to Buster".
Sep. 23, 1939...Sigmund Freud...psychiatrist...dies
Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist, who became interested in hypnotism and how it could be used to help the mentally ill. He later abandoned hypnotism in favor of free association and dream analysis in developing what is now known as "the talking cure." These became the core elements of psychoanalysis. Freud was especially interested in what was then called hysteria, and is now called conversion syndrome.
Freud, his theories, and his treatment of his patients were controversial in 19th century Vienna, and remain hotly debated today. His ideas are often discussed and analyzed as works of literature and general culture in addition to continuing debate around them as scientific and medical treatises. As one critic put it in 2003, the followers of Sigmund Freud consider him "... a great medical scientist who uncovered important truths about human psychology...", while others (especially in competing fields such as psychiatry) see him as a "...philosophical visionary who re-imagined human nature and helped us confront taboos, but whose theories, offered as science, fail under scrutiny".
Table of contents
1 His life
2 Freud's Innovations
3 Freudian Psychoanalysis, Psychology, and Psychiatry
4 Criticism of Freud
5 Freud's Patients and Analysands
6 Freud's "Disciples"
7 Further Reading
His life
He was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud in Freiberg, Moravia (now known as Pribor in the Czech Republic). In 1877, he abbreviated his name from Sigismund Schlomo Freud to Sigmund Freud.
Little is known of Freud's early life as he twice destroyed his personal papers, once in 1885 and again in 1907. Additionally, his later papers were closely guarded in the Sigmund Freud Archives and only available to Ernest Jones, his official biographer, and a few other members of the inner circle of psychoanalysis. The work of Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson shed some light on the nature of the suppressed material.
In 1938 following the Nazi German Anschluss of Austria, Freud escaped with his family to England. He died in England in 1939.
Freud's daughter Anna Freud was also a distinguished psychologist, particularly in the fields of child and developmental psychology. Sigmund is the grandfather of painter Lucian Freud and comedian and writer Clement Freud, and the great-grandfather of journalist Emma Freud, fashion designer Bella Freud and PR man Matthew Freud.
Freud's Innovations
Freud has been influential in two related, but distinct ways. He simultaneously developed a theory of the human mind and human behavior, and a clinical technique for helping unhappy (i.e. neurotic) people. Many people claim to have been influenced by one but not the other.
Perhaps the most significant contribution Freud has made to modern thought is his conception of the unconscious. During the 19th century the dominant trend in Western thought was positivism, the claim that people could accumulate real knowledge about themselves and their world, and exercise rational control over both. Freud, however, suggested that these claims were in fact delusions; that we are not entirely aware of what we even think, and often act for reasons that have nothing to do with our conscious thoughts. The concept of the unconscious was groundbreaking in that he proposed that awareness existed in layers and there were thoughts occurring "below the surface." Dreams, called the "royal road to the unconscious" provided the best examples of our unconscious life, and in The Interpretation of Dreams Freud both developed the argument that the unconscious exists, and developed a method for gaining access to it.
The Preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought—that which we could access with a little effort. (The term "subconscious" while popularly used, is not actually part of psychoanalytical terminology.) Although there are still many adherents to a purely positivist and rationalist view, most people, including many who reject other elements of Freud's work, accept the claim that part of the mind is unconscious, and that people often act for reasons of which they are not conscious.
Crucial to the operation of the unconscious is "repression." According to Freud, people often experience thoughts and feelings that are so painful that people cannot bear them. Such thoughts and feelings—and associated memories—could not, Freud argued, be banished from the mind, but could be banished from consciousness. Thus they come to constitute the unconscious. Although Freud later attempted to find patterns of repression among his patients in order to derive a general model of the mind, he also observed that individual patients repress different things. Moreover, Freud observed that the process of repression is itself a non-conscious act (in other words, it did not occur through people willing away certain thoughts or feelings). Freud supposed that what people repressed was in part determined by their unconscious. In other words, the unconscious was for Freud both a cause and effect of repression.
Freud sought to explain how the unconscious operates by proposing that it has a particular structure. He proposed that the unconscious was divided into three parts: Id, Ego and Superego. The Id (Latin, = "it" = es in the original German) represented primary process thinking — our most primitive need gratification type thoughts. The Superego represented our conscience and counteracted the Id with moral and ethical thoughts. The Ego stands in between both to balance our primitive needs and our moral/ethical beliefs. A healthy ego provides the ability to adapt to reality and interact with the outside world in a way that accommodates both Id and Superego. The general claim that the mind is not a monolithic or homogeneous thing continues to have an enormous influence on people outside of psychology. Many, however, have questioned or rejected the specific claim that the mind is divided into these three components.
Freud was especially concerned with the dynamic relationship between these three parts of the mind. Freud argued that the dynamic is driven by innate drives. But he also argued that the dynamic changes in the context of changing social relationships. Some have criticized Freud for giving too much importance to one or the other of these factors; similarly, many of Freud's followers have focused on one or the other.
Freud believed that humans were driven by two instinctive drives, libidinal energy/eros and the death instinct/thanatos. Freud's description of Eros/Libido included all creative, life-producing instincts. The Death Instinct represented an instinctive drive to return to a state of calm, or non-existence and was based on his studies of protozoa. (See: Beyond the Pleasure Principle). Many have challenged the scientific basis for this claim.
Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object. He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse," meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that as humans developed they fixated on different, and specific, objects—first oral (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then anal (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in controlling his or her bowels), then phallic. Freud argued that children then passed through a stage where they fixated on the parent of the opposite sex. Freud sought to anchor this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind. Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay need gratification. (see Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.)
Freud's model of psycho-sexual development has been criticized from different perspectives. Some have attacked Freud's claim that infants are sexual beings (and, implicitly, Freud's expanded notion of sexuality). Others have accepted Freud's expanded notion of sexuality, but have argued that this pattern of development is not universal, nor necessary for the development of a healthy adult. Instead, they have emphasized the social and environmental sources of patterns of development. Moreover, they call attention to social dynamics Freud de-emphasized or ignored (such as class relations).
Freud hoped to prove that his model, based primarily on observations of middle-class Viennese, was universally valid. He thus turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material. Freud used the Greek tragedy by Sophocles Oedipus Rex to point out how much we (specifically, young boys) desire incest, and must repress that desire. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness. He also turned to anthropological studies of totemism and argued that totemism reflected a ritualized enactment of an tribal Oedipal conflict (see Totemism and Taboo). Although many scholars today are intrigued by Freud's attempts to re-analyze cultural material, most have rejected his specific interpretations as forced.
Freud hoped that his research would provide a solid scientific basis for his therapeutic technique. The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring to consciousness repressed thoughts and feelings, in order to allow the patient to develop a stronger ego. Classically, the bringing of unconscious thoughts and feelings to consciousness is brought about by encouraging the patient to talk in "free-association" and to talk about dreams. Another important element of psychoanalysis is a relative lack of direct involvement on the part of the analyst, which is meant to encourage the patient to project thoughts and feelings onto the analyst. Through this process, called "transference," the patient can reenact and resolve repressed conflicts, especially childhood conflicts with (or about) parents.
A lesser known interest of Freud's was neurology. He was an early researcher on the topic of cerebral palsy, then known as "cerebral paralysis". He published several medical papers on the topic. He also showed that the disease existed far before other researchers in his day began to notice and study it. He also suggested that William Little, the man who first identified cerebral palsy, was wrong about lack of oxygen during the birth process being a cause. Instead, he suggested that complications in birth were only a symptom of the problem. It was not until the 1980s when his speculations were confirmed by more modern research.
Freudian theory and practice have been challenged by empirical findings over the years. Some people continue to train in, and practice, traditional Freudian psychoanalysis, but most psychiatrists today reject the large majority of Freud's work as unsupported by evidence and best used for inspiration or historical study, if at all. Although Freud developed his method for the treatment of neuroses, some people today seek out psychoanalysis not as a cure for an illness, but as part of a process of self-discovery. Woody Allen is a prominent example of a person who has spent decades in analysis with a strict Freudian, sadly without any noticeable improvement in his emotional or psychic functioning.
Freudian Psychoanalysis, Psychology, and Psychiatry
Freud trained as a medical doctor, and consistently claimed that his research methods and conclusions were scientific. Nevertheless, his research and practice were condemned by many of his peers. Moreover, both critics and followers of Freud have observed that his basic claim, that many of our conscious thoughts and actions are motivated by unconscious fears and desires, implicitly challenges universal and objective claims about the world (proponents of science conclude that this invalidates Freudian theory; proponents of Freud conclude that this invalidates science). Psychoanalysis today maintains the same ambivalent relationship with medicine and academia that Freud experienced during his life.
Clinical psychologists, who seek to treat mental illness, relate to Freudian psychoanalysis in different ways. Some clinical psychologists have modified this approach and have developed a variety of "psychodynamic" models and therapies. Other clinical psychologists reject Freud's model of the mind, but have adapted elements of his therapeutic method, especially his reliance on patients' talking as a form of therapy. Experimental psychologists generally reject Freud's methods and theories. Like Freud, Psychiatrists train as medical doctors, but—like most medical doctors in Freud's time—most reject his theory of the mind, and generally rely more on drugs than talk in their treatments.
Freud's psychological theories are hotly disputed today and many leading academic and research psychiatrists regard him as a charlatan. Although Freud was long regarded as a genius, psychiatry and psychology have long since been recast as scientific disciplines, and psychiatric disorders are generally considered diseases of the brain whose etiology is principally genetic. Freud's lessening influence in psychiatry is thus largely due to the repudiation of his theories and the adoption of many of the basic scientific principles of Freud's principal opponent in the field of psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin. In his book "The Freudian Fraud", research psychiatrist E. Fuller-Torrey provides an account of the political and social forces which combined to raise Freud to the status of a divinity to those who needed a theoretical foundation for their political and social views. Many of the diseases which used to be treated with Freudian and related forms of therapy (such as schizophrenia) have been unequivocally demonstrated to be impervious to such treatments.
Freud's notion that the child's relationship to the parent is responsible for everything from psychiatric diseases to criminal behavior has also been thoroughly discredited and the influence of such theories is today regarded as a relic of a permissive age in which "blame-the-parent" was the accepted dogma. For many decades genetic and biological causes of psychiatric disorders were dismissed without scientific investigation in favor of environmental (parental and social) influences. Today even the most extreme Freudian environmentalists would not deny the great influence of genetic and biological factors. The American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual" (the latest edition of which is the DSM-IV), the official standard for diagnosing psychological disorders in the USA, reflects the universal adoption of the neo-Kraepelinian scientific-biological approach to psychiatric disorders, with its emphasis on diagnostic precision and the search for biological and genetic etiologies—largely ignored during the earlier Freud-dominated decades of the twentieth century.
Criticism of Freud
A paper by Lydiard H. Horton, read in 1915 at a joint meeting of the American Psychological Association and the New York Academy of Sciences, called Freud's dream theory "dangerously inaccurate" and noted that "rank confabulations...appear to hold water, psychoanalytically". (See the full paper at Scientific Method in the Interpretation of Dreams.)
Anthony Grayling, Reader in Philosophy at the University of London, and a Fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, writing in The Guardian in 2002, said "Philosophies that capture the imagination never wholly fade....But as to Freud's claims upon truth, the judgment of time seems to be running against him."
Sep. 23, 1906...Lewis and Clark return from expedition...
The Corps of Discovery, better known as the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806), was the first American overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 sparked the interest of United States expansion to the west coast. A few weeks after the purchase, United States President, Thomas Jefferson, an advocate of western expansion, had Congress appropriate $2500, "to send intelligent officers with ten or twelve men, to explore even to the western ocean." They were to study the Indian tribes, botany, geology and wildlife in the region. He selected Captain Meriwether Lewis to lead the expedition and William Clark as his lieutenant.
The group, led by Clark, departed from Camp Dubois and began their historic journey on May 14, 1804. They soon met-up with Lewis in Saint Louis, Missouri and the approximately forty men followed the Missouri River westward (On August 20, 1804 The Corps of Discovery suffered it first and only death when Sergeant Charles Floyd died, apparently from acute appendicitis). The group followed the Missouri through what is now Kansas City, Missouri and Omaha, Nebraska, crossed the Rocky Mountains and descended by the Clearwater River, the Snake River, and the Columbia River through what is now Portland, Oregon until they reached the Pacific Ocean in the summer of 1805. The explorers started their journey home on March 23, 1806.
In the Ken Burns documentary aired on PBS about Lewis and Clark, historian Stephen E. Ambrose, author of the book "Undaunted Courage" about the expedition, compared the significance and impact of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to Americans of that era to the American landing on the moon for subsequent generations. The expedition not only answered questions about vast uncharted areas of North America (everything between the Missouri River in North Dakota to Mount Hood in western Oregon) but also gave Americans an electrifying sense of the vastness of their new country after the Louisiana Purchase and America's almost limitless natural resources and potential as an emergent nation. He also views the expedition as a quintessimal America saga, with a cast of characters that included a French Canadian trapper, the Indian woman Sacajawea who carried her infant throughout the trip, President Thomas Jefferson, the heroic personalities and comaraderie of both Captain Lewis and Captain Clark, a platoon of American soldiers reminiscent of Rogers Rangers, the muscular Black American servant of Lewis named York, colorful Indian tribes (Sioux, Mandans, Nez Perce, Blackfeet), Captain Lewis' shaggy dog, numerous close shaves with death for everyone on the expedition, quick "think-on-your-feet" diplomatic innovation to defuse hostility and enlist the support of exotic tribes, scientific observation of awe-inspiring naturalistic phenomenon, a case of close combat with Indians, encounters with grizzly bears, harrowing navigation of wild rivers amidst magnificent scenary, and a difficult passage through the snow clad Bitterroot Mountains of Western Montana and Idaho. Despite all the trials, tribulations, and close calls, the expedition did not lose a person between North Dakota and Oregon and the return trip. "Undaunted Courage" reads like real life imitating Hollywood, which makes it all the more surprising that Hollywood has never made a feature motion picture about the epic journey.
A contemporary explorer was Zebulon Pike (as in Pikes Peak) who in 1805-1807 traveled from the upper Mississippi River down to the Spanish territories near the Rocky Mountains.
Accomplishments of the Expedition
The U.S. gained an extensive knowledge of the geography of the West in the form of maps of major rivers and mountain ranges
Naming of several hundred unknown species of animals and plants; plant samples were brought back to the States for analysis by top scientists
Opened fur trade in the West
Paved the way for peaceful relations with the Indians
Established a precedent for Army exploration of the West
Strengthened the U.S. claim to Oregon Territory
Focused U.S. and media attention on the West
Produced the first literature about the West (the Lewis and Clark diaries)
Books: "Undaunted Courage" by Stephen E. Ambrose
Yep! It WAS Sept. 21 when I did the Sept. 22 postings. Because I and probably others work early, I posted them the night before.
I have edited the iBOX to show that postings for the next day in history may be posted the day before any time after 6 P.M. EST.
Sorry for confusin' ya! :)
Very possibly!! LOL!
Re: Nathan Hale
"But 1 mouth to
give for his country
By DON SINGLETON
DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER
Nathan Hale had a big mouth.
And that's what got him hanged as a spy by the British in 1776, historians concluded this week.
Hale, considered by the CIA to be the first American executed for spying for his country, was put to death 227 years ago Monday after he was trapped by a double agent.
For years, details of Hale's capture were unknown, but a manuscript donated to the Library of Congress in 2000 provided definitive new information.
James Hutson, head of the library's manuscript division, said the Revolutionary-era document was written by Consider Tiffany, a Connecticut storekeeper and British sympathizer.
The manuscript, donated by Tiffany descendant Bradford Tiffany, indicates that Hale was caught on Long Island when he blabbed details of his mission to Maj. Robert Rogers, a British soldier masquerading as a Colonial spy.
Wearing civilian clothes and carrying no identification, Hale spent some time recording information on British forces, but Rogers spotted him as a possible agent.
At dinner with Rogers and others he believed to be friends, Hale spilled his guts, Tiffany wrote.
"At the height of their conversation, a company of soldiers surrounded the house, and ... seized Capt. Hale in an instant," Tiffany wrote.
Convicted on the basis of the notes he had made, Hale was hanged Sept. 22, 1776, at what is now 66th St. and Third Ave. in Manhattan, where he is reputed to have uttered this famous line: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." "
Originally published on September 20, 2003
http://www.nydailynews.com/09-20-2003/news/wn_report/story/119119p-107344c.html
I remember Vida Blue. Great name.
I think gotmilk is related to him
Here is what Samuel Pepys did today.
http://www.pepysdiary.com/
Friday 21 September 1660
(Office day). There all the morning and afternoon till 4 o’clock. Hence to Whitehall, thinking to have put up my, books at my Lord’s, but am disappointed from want of a chest which I had at Mr. Bowyer’s. Back by water about 8 o’clock, and upon the water saw the corpse of the Duke of Gloucester brought down Somerset House stairs, to go by water to Westminster, to be buried to-night. I landed at the old Swan and went to the Hoop Tavern, and (by a former agreement) sent for Mr. Chaplin, who with Nicholas Osborne and one Daniel came to us and we drank off two or three quarts of wine, which was very good; the drawing of our wine causing a great quarrel in the house between the two drawers which should draw us the best, which caused a great deal of noise and falling out till the master parted them, and came up to us and did give us a large account of the liberty that he gives his servants, all alike, to draw what wine they will to please his customers; and we did eat above 200 walnuts. About to o’clock we broke up and so home, and in my way I called in with them at Mr. Chaplin’s, where Nicholas Osborne did give me a barrel of samphire, and showed me the keys of Mardyke Fort,1 which he that was commander of the fort sent him as a token when the fort was demolished, which I was mightily pleased to see, and will get them of him if I can. Home, where I found my boy (my maid’s brother) come out of the country to-day, but was gone to bed and so I could not see him to-night. To bed.
1. A fort four miles east of Dunkirk, probably dismantled when that town was sold to Louis XIV.
3 annotations / Link
This Date In History...
September 21 No-Hitters
Vida Blue (1970)
Paul Dean (1934)
lol.....no, just easily confused!!!!
picky picky.
Sep 22, 1989...Irving Berlin....composer...dies at age 101
Berlin, Irving , 1888-1989, American songwriter, b. Russia. Berlin's surname was originally Baline. Of his nearly 1,000 songs, Alexander's Ragtime Band (1911) was his first outstanding hit. In 1918, while he was in the army, he wrote, produced, and acted in Yip, Yip, Yaphank, which he rewrote in 1942 as This Is the Army. Berlin wrote songs for several of the Ziegfeld Follies and the Music Box Revue (1921?24) as well as the Broadway musicals As Thousands Cheer (1933), Annie Get Your Gun (1946), Miss Liberty (1949), Call Me Madam (1950), and Mr. President (1962). He was the composer of numerous film scores, and several of his stage musicals were filmed. Among his best-known songs are "God Bless America," "Easter Parade," "White Christmas," and "There's No Business Like Show Business."
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Sep 22, 1776...Nathan Hale...U.S. Patriot hanged...
Nathan Hale
On September 22, 1776, American patriot Nathan Hale was hanged for spying on British troops. As he was lead to the gallows, Hale proclaimed his famous last words -- "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."
Nathan Hale was born in Coventry, Connecticut, on June 6, 1755. He graduated with honors from Yale College in 1773 and went on to teach, first in East Haddam, and then in New London, Connecticut.
Five of Hale's brothers fought the British forces at Lexington and Concord, with Nathan joining them there on July 6, 1775. Hale quickly rose to the rank of captain in the military.
British General William Howe, who evacuated Boston in March of 1776, continued to battle General George Washington's troops. After his retreat from Boston, Howe planned to use New York as a base. The British captured Staten Island and began a military build-up on Long Island. George Washington succeeded in saving his army by secretly retreating onto Manhattan Island. At the battle of Harlem Heights, Washington, again facing Howe, requested a volunteer to undertake an intelligence mission behind enemy lines. Hale stepped forward.
Disguised as a Dutch schoolmaster, Nathan Hale set out on his mission on September 12, 1776. For over a week he gathered information on the position of British troops but was captured while returning to the American side and taken to Beekman Mansion, headquarters of General William Howe. Hale's possession of incriminating papers made clear to the British he was involved in espionage. It is said that his cousin, a British sympathizer under Howe's command, betrayed him. Howe ordered young Hale to be hanged the following day.
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September 22...FICTIONAL!
Frodo Baggins is the main fictional character of J. R. R. Tolkien's monumental and mythological novel, The Lord of the Rings. He is a Hobbit, born on September 22 of the year 2968 of the Third Age (T.A.) to Drogo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck. In T.A. 2980 he lost both his parents in a boating accident. Being a young minor of twelve he was taken in by his mother's family, the Brandybucks.
In T.A. 2989, however, Frodo came under the guardianship of Bilbo Baggins, who he always calls uncle (though Frodo is actually Bilbo's first and second, once removed, cousin). Frodo was 21 years old at the time, still far short of his coming of adult age at 33. Bilbo, not having children of his own, chose Frodo as his adoptive heir. Bilbo and Frodo share a a common birthday on September 22 but Bilbo is 78 years his senior. At the opening of The Lord of the Rings, Frodo and Bilbo are celebrating their 33rd and 111st birthdays, respectively, on September 22, T.A. 3001.
Frodo was entrusted with the keeping of the One Ring when Bilbo left for Rivendell after the celebration. Frodo was warned by Gandalf that the Ring must never be used but kept secret, and safe. He did not yet know it was the One Ring. Frodo kept the Ring hidden until years later, in T.A. 3018, when Gandalf returned with more lore of the Ring. Gandalf told Frodo that he had to take the Ring away. Even though Hobbits love peace and comfort, Frodo left his village to attempt to save Middle-earth by destroying the Ring. His journey forms the primary action of the novel, when it is determined that Frodo had to take the Ring to Mount Doom (Orodruin), in Mordor, in order to destroy it.
The Lord of the Rings is primarily concerned with Frodo's quest to destroy the Ring and of the many others who seek to aid or stop him. On his quest he carried a small sword called Sting and a mithril coat under his clothes, both given to him by Bilbo.
In the German translation he is called Frodo Beutlin, in the Spanish one, Frodo Bolsón, in the French one, Frodon Sacquet, and in the Norwegian one, Frodo Lommelun.
At the end of the novel, in T.A. 3019, he returned to the Shire where he was elected mayor. After two years, he, Bilbo, and Gandalf passed over the sea and join the Elves on September 29, T.A. 3021. He had already celebrated his 53rd birthday. Having no children of his own he left his estate to Samwise Gamgee, his gardener.
In the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, Frodo is played by Elijah Wood. In a BBC radio version, he was played by Ian Holm (who also played Bilbo in the movie version).
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Thanks Carolyn,
I hope you enjoy it!
Great idea for a thread, Original. COngratulations!!!
Well, it looks as though this new board is off to a great start! Thank you to everyone who added posts today and to all those who read the posts today and allowed this new board to be on The HOT list of iHUB right off the bat!
Keep posting!
BillC, thanks for catching that; I had missed it. And thanks for taking the time to do the AP follow-up.
AK
(Aside to Orig--another reason for posting a link to a story.)
Last edit on your link:
EDIT
"Another tad bit of information about John Joubert: He was not executed in 1998. He was killed July 17,1996. Please review your information before posting it. He also was not a native of Maine. He was born in Lawerence, Mass. This means he is a native of Mass."
Also, see stories from 1996:
"Child killer executed in Nebraska
LINCOLN, Neb. (AP) - A former Boy Scout leader who said he enjoyed "seeing the fear" of his murder victims was executed in the electric chair early Wednesday for stabbing two boys to death in 1983.
John Joubert, also a former airman, confessed to repeatedly stabbing and slashing Danny Jo Eberle, 13, and Christopher Walden, 12, near the Air Force Base where he was stationed.
After Joubert was convicted in Nebraska, he was convicted in Maine with strangling and stabbing 11-year-old Richard Stetson in Portland in 1982. He got a life prison term without parole for that killing.
"It was the power and the domination and seeing the fear," Joubert told the Omaha World-Herald last month in explaining why he killed the boys. "That was more exciting than actually causing the harm."
Joubert, 33, has said the murders were the culmination of years of psychosexual fantasies."
http://www.recordernews.com/1996/0717/natnews/natb/natb.html
And, interestingly,
CNN
News Briefs
June 28, 1996
"High court stops execution of convicted murderer
LINCOLN, Nebraska (CNN) -- The U.S. Supreme Court stayed the execution Thursday of a Nebraska man convicted of killing three boys, aged 11 to 13. Officials made no comment about the reason behind the stay.
John Joubert said that he committed the crimes for sadistic pleasure. He was sentenced to death for two of the murders, and life without parole for the third."
http://www.cnn.com/US/9606/28/newsbriefs/
Reading the story gave me goose bumps. I don't know all that much about sexual deviants...what motivates them and why so many prey on children.
I can recall only one incident of that kind of sick behaviour in the town I live in which reasulted in the death of a six-year-old girl many years ago... but I'll never forget the sense of horror we all experienced.
More info on Joubert, should you be interested.
http://www.angelfire.com/oh/yodaspage/joubert.html
G'morning, AK....Good grief...he looks like a choir boy! I'm surprised he only spent 4 years on Death Row.
There had to be something terribly wrong with this boy for him to have committed such terrible acts.
I feel sorry for the parents of the victims....and Joubert's parents, as well.
John Joubert was executed on March 30, 1998.
He was a kid (21) when he got arrested.
Horrible story! I can't help but wonder, given the length of time criminals spend on Death Row ....if Joubert was ever executed.
Faith Hill born
"Faith Hill Bio
One of the biggest female country stars of the '90s, Faith Hill also took advantage of the inroads Shania Twain made into pop territory, becoming an enormous crossover success by decade's end. Of course, Hill's movie star good looks certainly helped her cause, and her much-celebrated marriage to fellow country star Tim McGraw gave her career an extra kick of glamour and mystique. Hill may not have appealed to country purists, but she had the star power of a diva even before her pop success.
Faith Hill was born Audrey Faith Perry on September 21, 1967, in Jackson, MS, and grew up in the nearby small town of Star. She was singing for her family as young as age three and first performed publicly at a 4-H luncheon when she was seven. Hill spent much of her childhood singing wherever the opportunity arose, influenced primarily by Reba McEntire, and at age 17 formed a band that played local rodeos. At 19, she quit college and moved to Nashville to make it as a singer, first finding work selling T-shirts. During this time, she was married briefly to music executive Dan Hill. Eventually she was hired as a secretary at a music publishing firm, where she was discovered by accident while singing to herself one day. Encouraged by company head Gary Morris, Hill became a demo singer for the firm and also performed professionally as a harmony vocalist behind singer/songwriter/producer Gary Burr, who produced Hill's own demo tape. A Warner Brothers executive caught Burr and Hill's act at a Nashville club, and wound up signing Hill to a solo deal...."
http://www.livedaily.com/artist/bio/92.html
Sep. 21 - Wells, H. G. (Herbert George)
1866 -- 1946
Writer. Born Herbert George Wells, on September 21, 1866, in Bromley, England. Wells received a scholarship to the Normal School of Science in London. After school, he worked as a draper's apprentice and bookkeeper before becoming a freelance writer. His lively treatment of scientific topics quickly brought him success as a writer and earned him a reputation as a pioneer of science fiction.In 1895, Wells published his classic novel The Time Machine, about a man who journeys to the future. The book was a success, as were his subsequent science fiction books, The Invisible Man (1897) and The War of the Worlds (1898). He went on to publish a number of socially conscious comic novels which gained popularity as well, most notably Kipps (1905) and The History of Mr Polly (1910).
Passionately concerned about the fate of humanity, Wells joined the socialist Fabian Society, but quit after a quarrel with George Bernard Shaw, another prominent member. His controversial socio-political opinions served as the basis for several works dealing with the role of science in society and the need for world peace, including The Outline of History (1920) and The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1932).
Wells was involved romantically for several years with Dorothy Richardson, pioneer of stream-of-consciousness writing. In 1912, the 19-year-old writer Rebecca West reviewed his book Marriage, calling him "the Old Maid among novelists." He asked to meet her, and the two soon embarked on an affair that lasted ten years and produced one son, Anthony. Wells died in 1946.
Sep. 21, 1983 A 13-year-old's dead body turns up
The mutilated body of 13-year-old paperboy Danny Joe Eberle is found in his hometown of Bellevue, Nebraska. Eberle, who was inflicted with multiple knife wounds and was bound with rope, had been tortured to death.
FBI investigators called in to help catch the vicious killer found only one clue that could help them: The rope that had been used to tie up the victim was so unusual that the FBI had no records of similar ropes made by any domestic manufacturers. As they began looking into international rope manufacturers, the body of another 13-year-old boy, Christopher Walden, was found deep in the woods near Bellevue, covered with snow.
With no leads as to the origin of the rope, the FBI concentrated on a witness who claimed to have seen Walden with a young man shortly before his disappearance. The witness, who agreed to be hypnotized to try to provide a description of the man, couldn't produce a vivid picture, but managed to remember a tan sedan and seven digits, in no particular order, from the license plate. Unfortunately, Nebraska had over 1,000 license plates with these digits.
The break in the case finally came on January 11, 1984, when the operator of a Bellevue day care center noticed that a suspicious man was cruising the street outside, and reported the license plate number to the police. Detectives traced the car to a dealership that told them that the car was on loan to John Joubert, a 21-year-old radar technician. Joubert's car, which was being fixed at the dealership, was a tan sedan that had a license plate with the same seven digits that had been recalled by the witness earlier.
When police caught up with Joubert, he had a duffel bag with a hunting knife and a length of rope inside. The rope turned out to be identical to the one found on Danny Joe Eberle, and Joubert was charged with multiple counts of murder. Apparently, the unusual rope had been especially made for the military in the Far East and brought back to the United States by one of Joubert's friends.
Delving deeper into his background, investigators found that Joubert was also responsible for an earlier murder of an 11-year-old boy in Maine. After being convicted of the two murders in Nebraska and sentenced to death in 1984, he was convicted of murder in Maine as well.
Sep. 21, 1947 - Stephen King
Writer; born in Portland, ME; bestselling horror novels include Carrie, The Shining, and Pet Sematary
Sep. 21, 1989 Powell becomes Joint Chiefs' chairman
The Senate Armed Forces Committee unanimously confirms President George H. Bush's nomination of Army General Colin Powell as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Powell was the first African American to achieve the United States' highest military post.
Powell was born in 1937 in Harlem, New York, to Jamaican immigrant parents. Joining the U.S. Army after college, he served two tours in Vietnam before holding several high-level military posts during the 1970s and 1980s. From 1987 to 1989, he was national security adviser to President Ronald Reagan and in 1989 reached the pinnacle of his profession when he was appointed chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by President George Bush. As chairman, General Powell's greatest achievement was planning the swift U.S. victory over Iraq in 1991's Persian Gulf War. In 1993, he retired as chairman.
Two years later, he embarked on a national tour to promote his autobiography, My American Journey, fueling speculation that he was testing the waters for a possible presidential campaign. By the fall of 1995, public enthusiasm over the possibility of his running for president had reached a feverish pitch. Regarded as a moderate Republican, opinion polls showed Powell trailing close behind Republican favorite Bob Dole and favored over Democratic incumbent Bill Clinton. However, in November 1995, he announced that he would not run for president in the next election, citing concerns for his family's well-being and a lack of passion for the rigors of political life.
From 1997, he served as chairman of "America's Promise--The Alliance for Youth," a national nonprofit organization dedicated to building the character and competence of young people. In December 2000, Powell was appointed the first African American U.S. secretary of state by President-elect George W. Bush. Unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, he was sworn in on January 20, 2001.
Sep. 21,1792 Monarchy abolished in France
In Revolutionary France, the Legislative Assembly votes to abolish the monarchy and establish the First Republic. The measure came one year after King Louis XVI reluctantly approved a new constitution that stripped him of much of his power.
Louis ascended to the French throne in 1774 and from the start was unsuited to deal with the severe financial problems that he inherited from his predecessors. In 1789, food shortages and economic crises led to the outbreak of the French Revolution. King Louis and his queen, Mary-Antoinette, were imprisoned in August 1792, and in September the monarchy was abolished. Soon after, evidence of Louis' counterrevolutionary intrigues with foreign nations was discovered, and he was put on trial for treason. In January 1793, Louis was convicted and condemned to death by a narrow majority. On January 21, he walked steadfastly to the guillotine and was executed. Marie-Antoinette followed him to the guillotine nine months later.
THE GREAT NEW ENGLAND HURRICANE:
September 21, 1938
Without warning, a powerful Category 3 hurricane slams into Long Island and southern New England, causing 600 deaths and devastating coastal cities and towns. Also called the Long Island Express, the Great New England Hurricane of 1938 was the most destructive storm to strike the region in the 20th century.
The officially unnamed hurricane was born out a tropical cyclone that developed in the eastern Atlantic on September 10, 1938, near the Cape Verde Islands. Six days later, the captain of a Brazilian freighter sighted the storm northeast of Puerto Rico and radioed a warning to the U.S. Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service). It was expected that the storm would make landfall in south Florida, and hurricane-experienced coastal citizens stocked up on supplies and boarded up their homes. On September 19, however, the storm suddenly changed direction and began moving north, parallel to the eastern seaboard.
Charlie Pierce, a junior forecaster in the U.S. Weather Bureau, was sure that the hurricane was heading for the Northeast, but the chief forecaster overruled him. It had been well over a century since New England had been hit by a substantial hurricane, and few believed it could happen again. Hurricanes rarely persist after encountering the cold waters of the North Atlantic. However, this hurricane was moving north at an unusually rapid pace--more than 60 mph--and was following a track over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream.
With Europe on the brink of war over the worsening Sudetenland crisis, little media attention was given to the powerful hurricane at sea. There was no advanced meteorological technology, such as radar, radio buoys, or satellite imagery, to warn of the hurricane's approach. By the time the U.S. Weather Bureau learned that the Category 3 storm was on a collision course with Long Island on the afternoon of September 21, it was too late for a warning.
Along the south shore of Long Island, the sky began to darken and the wind picked up. Fishermen and boaters were at sea, and summer residents enjoying the end of the season were in their beachfront homes. Around 2:30 p.m., the full force of the hurricane made landfall, unfortunately around high tide. Surges of ocean water and waves 40 feet tall swallowed up coastal homes. At Westhampton, which lay directly in the path of the storm, 150 beach homes were destroyed, about a third of which were pulled into the swelling ocean. Winds exceeded 100 mph. Inland, people were drowned in flooding, killed by uprooted trees and falling debris, and electrocuted by downed electrical lines.
At 4 p.m., the center of the hurricane crossed the Long Island Sound and reached Connecticut. Rivers swollen by a week of steady rain spilled over and washed away roadways. In New London, a short circuit in a flooded building started a fire that was fanned by the 100 mph winds into an inferno. Much of the business district was consumed.
The hurricane gained intensity as it passed into Rhode Island. Winds in excess of 120 mph caused a storm surge of 12 to 15 feet in Narragansett Bay, destroying coastal homes and entire fleets of boats at yacht clubs and marinas. The waters of the bay surged into Providence harbor around 5 p.m., rapidly submerging the downtown area of Rhode Island's capital under more than 13 feet of water. Many people were swept away.
The hurricane then raced northward across Massachusetts, gaining speed again and causing great flooding. In Milton, south of Boston, the Blue Hill Observatory recorded one of the highest wind gusts in history, an astounding 186 mph. Boston was hit hard, and "Old Ironsides"--the historic ship U.S. Constitution--was torn from its moorings in Boston Navy Yard and suffered slight damage. Hundreds of other ships were not so lucky.
The hurricane lost intensity as it passed over northern New England, but by the time the storm reached Canada around 11 p.m. it was still powerful enough to cause widespread damage. The Great New England Hurricane finally dissipated over Canada that night.
All told, 700 people were killed by the hurricane, 600 of them in Long Island and southern New England. Some 700 people were injured. Nearly 9,000 homes and buildings were destroyed, and 15,000 damaged. Nearly 3,000 ships were sunk or wrecked. Power lines were downed across the region, causing widespread blackouts. Innumerable trees were felled, and 12 new inlets were created on Long Island. Railroads were destroyed and farms were obliterated. Total damages were $306 million, which equals $18 billion in today's dollars, making the Great New England Hurricane the sixth costliest hurricane in U.S. history.
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