I can give you many examples of TVEMF and PEMF being referred to as the same thing. The difference is in the way the PEMF is sent to the targeted cells. Time varying, slew rate, square waves, power levels, etc, change the way a pulsed electromagnetic field is delivered but it still remains a pulsed electromagnetic field. I only wanted to point this out to avoid confusion that may have been caused by the results referring to both TVEMF and PEMF.
Here are a few examples aside from the endonovo results...
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
The present investigation details the development of model systems for growing two- and three dimensional human neural progenitor (NHNP) stem cells within a culture medium facilitated by a time-varying electromagnetic field (TVEMF), i.e. PEMF. The cells and culture medium are contained within a two- or three-dimensional culture vessel, and the electromagnetic field is emitted from an electrode or coil. These studies further provide methods to promote neural tissue regeneration by means of culturing the neural cells in either configuration. Grown in two dimensions, neuronal cells extended longitudinally, forming tissue strands extending axially along and within electrodes comprising electrically conductive channels or guides through which a time-varying electrical current was conducted. In the three-dimensional aspect, exposure to TVEMF resulted in the development of three-dimensional aggregates, which emulated organized neural tissues. In both experimental configurations, the proliferation rate of the TVEMF cells was 2.5 to 4.0 times the rate of the non-waveform cells. Each of the experimental setups resulted in similar molecular genetic changes regarding the growth potential of the tissues as measured by gene chip analyses, which measured more than 10,000 human genes simultaneously. This study clearly shows the ability to use TVEMF to control the proliferative rate, directional attitude, and molecular genetic expression of normal human neural progenitor cells. The procedure is applicable to, but not limited to, the control of NHNP cells in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture. The genetic responses both up-regulated and down-regulated genes which were maturation- and growth-regulatory in nature. These genes are also primarily involved in the embryogenic process.
and
Thus, the "original NASA TVEMF (PEMF)" technology was in reality developed by a private contractor (Bob Dennis), it was not actually developed by or at NASA. NASA took delivery of the fully designed, assembled, and calibrated system to be used in their stem cell culture experiments in the late 1990's. This is the source of what has become the widely cited but generally misunderstood "NASA PEMF" experiments.
