Defense and Homeland Security Sector Ideas

[gfp927z]

The Fine Art of Propaganda



>>> Institute for Propaganda Analysis - Hadley Cantril


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_Cantril



Hadley Cantril


Born
1906
Hyrum, Utah

Died
28 May 1969

Alma mater
Dartmouth College
Harvard University

Occupation
Psychologist, researcher

Spouse(s)
Mavis L. Cantril

Hadley Cantril (1906–1969) Was a Princeton University psychologist who expanded the scope of the field.

Cantril made "major contributions in psychology of propaganda; public opinion research; applications of psychology and psychological research to national policy, international understanding, and communication; developmental psychology; psychology of social movements; measurement and scaling; humanistic psychology; the psychology of perception; and, basic to all of them, the analysis of human behavior from the transactional point of view."[1] His influence is felt in education, law, philosophy, politics and psychiatry.[1]

"Hadley Cantril, Princeton psychologist, is representative of most quantitative scholars of social influence who, while holding their political commitments close to the vest, nevertheless saw themselves clearly in the ranks of reformers loosely attached to the progressive movement…. Focus on social process and a psychological view of people put the academic scientists of society in a frame of mind to assume the polis languished chiefly because of inaction on the part of enlightened administrators."[2]:74



Contents [hide]
1 Biography
2 Public opinion research
3 Works
4 References


Biography[edit]

Cantril was born in Hyrum, Utah in 1906 and first studied at Dartmouth College, graduating Bachelor of Science in 1928. He did graduate study in Munich and Berlin, then studied at Harvard graduating with Doctor of Philosophy in psychology in 1931. He was hired as an instructor by Dartmouth and joined the Princeton University faculty in 1936. The next year he became president of the Institute for Propaganda Analysis and one of the founding editors of Public Opinion Quarterly. Later be became chairman of the Princeton University Department of Psychology.[1]

Cantril was a member of the Princeton Radio Research Project. The Project looked at the reaction to Orson Welles' The War of the Worlds and published a study accenting the public's disturbance.[3]

In 1940 he served as a consultant to the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.[4]

Cantril's later psychological work included collaboration with Adelbert Ames, Jr. developing a transactional method for studying human perception, as well as other research in humanistic psychology.[5]:389–90

Public opinion research[edit]

Though trained as a psychologist, Cantril's most important work concerned the then-new topic of public opinion research. Influenced initially by the success of George Gallup and Elmo Roper during the 1936 presidential election, Cantril sought to apply their systematic polling technique to academic social psychology.[5]:388 While Hadley Cantril was department chairman he became a presidential advisor:
Cantril’s small-scale program at Princeton became more extensive in September 1940 when Nelson Rockefeller, FDR’s Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, asked the Princeton psychologist to "set up mechanisms which would guage public opinion in Latin America." In cooperation with Gallup, and with funds from the Office of Emergency Management, Cantril established an ostensibly independent research organization, American Social Surveys. He recruited his friend Leonard Doob, and another researcher Lloyd Free, to analyse Nazi propaganda coming into Latin America. Through Rockefeller’s office, the results of Cantril’s program were brought to the attention of FDR. The president asked Cantril to monitor public sentiment on avoiding war verses aiding Britain. Cantril duely kept tabs on views about aiding England and on the public’s willingness to change U.S. neutrality laws in favor of Britain.[2]
In 1942 Cantril conducted a small-sample survey of Vichy officials in Morocco, prior to Operation Torch, that revealed the intensity of the anti-British sentiment of the French forces there. This information influenced the disposition of forces during the operation, with American troops landing near Casablanca and mixed forces at Oran and Algiers.[5]:389[6]

In 1955 he and Lloyd Free founded the Institute for International Social Research (IISR).[7] The IISR was often asked by United States government agencies to conduct small-sample public opinion polls in foreign countries.[8] Notably, Cantril and Free conducted a poll of Cuba during 1960 demonstrating great support for Fidel Castro, which was overlooked during the presidential transition between Eisenhower and Kennedy and read only after the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco.[7]

Cantril's most-cited work is The Pattern of Human Concerns, notable for the development of the self-anchoring scale (also known as "Cantril's Ladder").[9] Cantril and Free also first discovered the paradox that American voters tend to oppose "big government" in general while supporting many specific liberal social programs.[7]

During the late 1950s, Cantril served on the International Objectives and Strategies panel of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund's Special Studies Project.[10]

Works[edit]
1934: Social Psychology of Everyday Life
1935:(with Gordon Allport) Psychology of Radio from Internet Archive
1939: Industrial Conflict: a Psychological Interpretation,
1940: The Invasion from Mars, a Study in the Psychology of Panic
1940: America Faces the War, a Study in Public Opinion
1941: Psychology of Social Movements from HathiTrust
1944: Gauging Public Opinion, Princeton University Press, via Internet Archive
1947: (with Muzafer Sherif) Psychology of ego-involvements : social attitudes & identifications via HathiTrust
1950: The "Why" of Man's Experience, 1950
1950: Tensions that cause wars (a report for UNESCO), 1950
1951: (with Mildred Strunk) Public Opinion, 1935–1946, massive compilation of many public opinion polls from the USA; also some polls from Europe and Canada online
1953: (with William Buchanan) How Nations See Each Other, a study in public opinion
1954: (with William H. Ittelson) Perception: a Transactional Approach
1956: On Understanding the French Left
1958: Faith, Hope, and Heresy: the Psychology of the Protest Voter via HathiTrust
1958: Politics of Despair via HathiTrust
1960: Reflections on the Human Venture
1960: Soviet Leaders and Mastery over Man
1961: Human Nature and Political Systems
1965: Pattern of Human Concerns
1967: (with L. A. Free) Political beliefs of Americans; a study of public opinion
1967: The Human Dimension: Experiences in Policy Research
1988: (Albert H. Cantril, editor) Psychology, Humanism, and Scientific Inquiry: the Selected Essays of Hadley Cantril

References[edit]

1.^ Jump up to: a b c F. P. Kilpatrick (November 1969) "Hadley Cantril – The Transactional Point of View", Journal of Individual Psychology 25: 219–25, reprinted as Epilogue, pages 229–34, in Albert H. Cantril, editor (1988) Psychology, Humanism and Scientific Inquiry, Transaction Books ISBN 0-88738-176-6
2.^ Jump up to: a b J. Michael Sproule (1997) Propaganda and Democracy, page 184, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-47022-6
3.Jump up ^ Hadley Cantril, Hazel Gaudet, and Herta Herzog (1940) The Invasion from Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic: with the Complete Script of the Famous Orson Welles Broadcast, Princeton University Press
4.Jump up ^ Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. United States Government Printing Office. 1940. p. 3244. "and a special consultant for the Office of the Coordinator of Inter- American Affairs"
5.^ Jump up to: a b c John Gray Geer (2004) Public opinion and polling around the world: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO ISBN 9781576079119
6.Jump up ^ Stuart Oskamp, P. Wesley Schultz (2005). Attitudes and Opinions. Routledge. p. 314. ISBN 0-8058-4769-3.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c "Lloyd A. Free, 88, is dead; Revealed Political Paradox", New York Times, November 14, 1996.
8.Jump up ^ "Worldwide Propaganda Network Built by the C.I.A." New York Times, December 26, 1976
9.Jump up ^ Understanding How Gallup uses the Cantril Scale from Gallup
10.Jump up ^ Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports. Doubleday. 1961.

<<<