"These new criteria may help physicians managing ARIA-E in AD immunotherapy trials, once any such therapy is approved. “If AD immunotherapy is effective, then understanding how to predict, detect, and treat ARIA will be a major focus of putting that therapy into practice,” Greenberg told Alzforum. Iadecola agreed. “If CAA-ri is the basis of ARIA, immunosuppression may allow affected patients to continue immunotherapy.” He noted that ARIA is less serious than CAA-ri, so not all cases of ARIA may require treatment. “Nevertheless, having the opportunity to prevent or treat ARIA would expand the number of patients who could benefit from immunotherapy,” he said.—Gwyneth Dickey Zakaib"
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 8638-8683; doi:10.3390/ijms14048638 International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms
Melatonin: Buffering the Immune System
Antonio Carrillo-Vico 1,†, Patricia J. Lardone 1,†, Nuria Álvarez-Sánchez 2 , Ana Rodríguez-Rodríguez 2 and Juan M. Guerrero 1,2,* 1 Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; E-Mails: vico@us.es (A.C.-V.); plardone@us.es (P.J.L.) 2 Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; E-Mails: nalvarez-ibis@us.es (N.Á.-S.); rodriguezana13m@gmail.com (A.R.-R.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: guerrero@us.es; Tel.: +34-955-923-106; Fax: +34-954-907-048. Received: 1 March 2013; in revised form: 6 April 2013 / Accepted: 7 April 2013 / Published: 22 April 2013
Abstract: Melatonin modulates a wide range of physiological functions with pleiotropic effects on the immune system. Despite the large number of reports implicating melatonin as an immunomodulatory compound, it still remains unclear how melatonin regulates immunity. While some authors argue that melatonin is an immunostimulant, many studies have also described anti-inflammatory properties. The data reviewed in this paper support the idea of melatonin as an immune buffer, acting as a stimulant under basal or immunosuppressive conditions or as an anti-inflammatory compound in the presence of exacerbated immune responses, such as acute inflammation. The clinical relevance of the multiple functions of melatonin under different immune conditions, such as infection, autoimmunity, vaccination and immunosenescence, is also reviewed.
Things that are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another (Transitive property of equality). If equals are added to equals, then the wholes are equal. If equals are subtracted from equals, then the remainders are equal. Things that coincide wi
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