Thursday, January 28, 2016 11:00:30 PM
The computer that mastered Go
Published on Jan 27, 2016 by nature video [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7c8mE90qCtu11z47U0KErg / http://www.youtube.com/user/NatureVideoChannel , http://www.youtube.com/user/NatureVideoChannel/videos ]
Go is an ancient Chinese board game, often viewed as the game computers could never play. Now researchers from Google-owned company DeepMind have proven the naysayers wrong, creating an artificial intelligence - called AlphaGo – which has beaten a professional Go player for the first time. In this Nature Video, we go behind the scenes to learn about the game, the programme and what this means for the future of AI.
related source article:
Google AI algorithm masters ancient game of Go
Deep-learning software defeats human professional for first time.
27 January 2016
http://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234 [with non-YouTube version of this YouTube and separate audio embedded, links to further related articles, and comments]
the study:
Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search
28 January 2016
complete/full access: http://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961.epdf?referrer_access_token=r6HU3t-OJg0iw28R4yki_9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OivKk3lXs6SxMz535byYwHnl5-dYSTNp9HCujoL8AwwR39NrI-N0UvQYqpO-G6W-1I6_OXAuVukQ08lbvopRKY2yVJlWWUJvj6gL5qyO8kI3FwsIuw4iSKC-s4RoTnZdVG8WevGFeuMdJ2Zl9cZF7yq3B5sN0oYgdLhknFj6ke_8YyZwlXOAPcXzq27A9IQH4%3D&tracking_referrer=www.nature.com
abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v529/n7587/full/nature16961.html
Google AlphaGo AI clean sweeps European Go champion
Two neural networks paired with a new tree search algorithm has resulted in a Go program that was able to defeat the European champion 5-0 in October.
January 28, 2016
http://www.zdnet.com/article/google-alphago-ai-clean-sweeps-european-go-champion/ [no comments yet]
Go Champion Lee Se-dol to Play Against Artificial Intelligence
2016-01-28
http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_Cu_detail.htm?No=116531 [no comments yet]
Computer Beats Go Champion for First Time
Google's DeepMind program, which has mastered the 2,500-year-old board game, is a big achievement in artificial intelligence
January 27, 2016
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/computer-beats-go-champion-for-first-time/
In a Huge Breakthrough, Google’s AI Beats a Top Player at the Game of Go
01.27.16
http://www.wired.com/2016/01/in-a-huge-breakthrough-googles-ai-beats-a-top-player-at-the-game-of-go/ [with comments]
Google’s AI just cracked the game that supposedly no computer could beat
January 27, 2016
http://qz.com/603313/googles-ai-just-cracked-the-game-that-supposedly-no-computer-could-beat/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-dKXOlsf98 [with comments]
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Alphabet Program Beats the European Human Go Champion
Demis Hassabis, a former child chess prodigy, is vice president of engineering at Alphabet’s DeepMind and leads Alphabet’s general A.I. efforts.
Credit Alphabet
By John Markoff
January 27, 2016 2:28 pm
Artificial intelligence researchers are closing in on a new benchmark for comparing the human mind and a machine. On Wednesday, DeepMind, a research organization that operates under the umbrella of Alphabet, reported that a program combining two separate algorithms had soundly defeated a high-ranking professional Go player in a series of five matches.
The result, which appeared in the Jan. 27 edition of the journal Nature [ http://www.nature.com/news/digital-intuition-1.19230 (complete/full access http://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961.epdf?referrer_access_token=r6HU3t-OJg0iw28R4yki_9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OivKk3lXs6SxMz535byYwHnl5-dYSTNp9HCujoL8AwwR39NrI-N0UvQYqpO-G6W-1I6_OXAuVukQ08lbvopRKY2yVJlWWUJvj6gL5qyO8kI3FwsIuw4iSKC-s4RoTnZdVG8WevGFeuMdJ2Zl9cZF7yq3B5sN0oYgdLhknFj6ke_8YyZwlXOAPcXzq27A9IQH4%3D&tracking_referrer=www.nature.com )], is further evidence of the power created when a class of A.I. machine learning programs known as “deep neural networks” is combined with immense sets of data.
Go is seen as a good test for artificial intelligence researchers because it is more complex than chess, with a far larger range of possible positions. This makes strategy and reasoning in the game more challenging.
Go is played with round black and white stones, and two players alternately place pieces on a square grid with the goal of occupying the most territory. Until recently, software programs had not been able to do better than beat amateur Go players. In the Nature paper, engineers at DeepMind described a program, AlphaGo, that had achieved a 99.8 percent winning rate against other Go programs. It also swept five games from the European Go champion, Fan Hui [ http://www.nature.com/news/go-players-react-to-computer-defeat-1.19255 ].
The match between the AlphaGo program and Fan Hui was in October, and the DeepMind program has continued to train since then, said Demis Hassabis, a researcher who founded DeepMind Technologies, which was acquired by Google in 2014. Google changed its name to Alphabet last year, though the company’s traditional ad-based businesses still operate under the Google label.
“The machine has continued to get better. We haven’t hit any kind of ceiling yet on performance,” he said.
The Alphabet approach relies on the newest so-called deep learning approach combined with a more traditional type of algorithm known as a Monte Carlo, which is designed to exhaustively explore large numbers of possible combinations of moves. The researchers said they had also trained their program using input from expert human Go players.
The research and the game have created a rivalry among the public relations departments of companies like Alphabet, Microsoft and Facebook.
The day before the Alphabet paper was published, Facebook republished an earlier paper the company had posted on the arXiv.org website. At the same time, Facebook issued blog posts [ https://www.facebook.com/yann.lecun/posts/10153340479982143 ] from Yann LeCun, one of its artificial intelligence researchers, and one from the company’s chief executive, Mark Zuckerberg.
The statement [ https://www.facebook.com/zuck/videos/vb.4/10102619979032811/?type=2&theater ] by Mr. Zuckerberg resulted in a swift response from one Facebook user that may express a deeper human concern than the narrow results of the research: “Why don’t you leave that ancient game alone and let it be without any artificial players? Do we really need an A.I. in everything?” wrote Konstantinos Karakasidis.
Those concerns are not likely to be heeded. In a blog post [ https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2016/01/alphago-machine-learning-game-go.html , http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUbqykXVx0A [embedded; next below; comments disabled)]
There will be a $1 million prize for the winner, and Mr. Hassabis said that Alphabet would donate the prize to charity if AlphaGo won. The match will be streamed live on YouTube.
Mr. Hassabis, who is a skilled chess player and has been a professional gamer as well, said that Go was a beautiful game, but that “building an A.I. is also a human endeavor and a kind of ingenious one, too. The reason games are used as a testing ground is that they’re kind of like a microcosm of the real world.”
© 2016 The New York Times Company
http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/alphabet-program-beats-the-european-human-go-champion/ [with comments]
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Digital intuition
Nature Video [first item this post]
A computer program that can outplay humans in the abstract game of Go will redefine our relationship with machines.
Editorial
27 January 2016
Napoleon had it and so did Charles Darwin. Tennis champion Roger Federer has it in spades. The dictionary defines intuition as knowledge obtained without conscious reasoning. It is decision-making based on apparently instinctual responses; thinking without thinking.
Intuition is a very human skill, or so we like to think. Or, more accurately, so we liked to think. In what could prove to be a landmark moment for artificial intelligence, scientists announce this week that they have created an intuitive computer. The machine acts according to its programming, but it also chooses what to do on the basis of something — knowledge, experience or a combination of the two — that its programmers cannot predict or fully explain. And, in the limited tests carried out so far, the computer has proved that it can make these intuitive decisions much more effectively than the most skilled humans can. The machines are not just on the rise, they have nudged ahead.
Experts in ethics, computer science and artificial intelligence routinely debate whether clever machines in the future will use their powers for good or evil. This latest example of digital discovery puts neural networks to work on a problem that is almost as old: how to win at the board game Go.
Outside business-management seminars, Go is not well known in the West, but it is older, more complex and harder to master than chess. Yet it is simpler to learn and play: two players take it in turns to place black or white counters on a grid. When a counter (called a stone) is surrounded by rivals, it is removed from the board. Winning — like so much in life and war — is about controlling the most territory. The game is wildly popular across countries in east Asia, and players from Japan, China and South Korea routinely compete in televised professional tournaments.
Computers mastered chess two decades ago, when IBM’s Deep Blue machine won against then-world-champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, but Go was thought to be safe from artificial conquest. That is partly because all of the possible moves in Go, as well as the resulting combinations of stones on the board, are much too numerous for any computer to crunch through and compare to select one manoeuvre. (The same goes for chess, but the diversity in the value of chess pieces enables some short cuts.) In Go, all stones are worth the same and their influences can be felt through vast distances across the board.
On this week's issue of Nature, computer scientists at Google DeepMind in London unveil the successor to Deep Blue [complete/full access http://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961.epdf?referrer_access_token=853LIwVU26UGUk6k2Io9MtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OivKk3lXs6SxMz535byYwHnl5-dYSTNp9HCujoL8AwwR39NrI-N0UvQYqpO-G6W-3cECDTIsdm_fCTnZzpXSmLnPwdFRwBcLXjv1uE9Bbd_7NF83AJ5nOR0ZVpaERL9FkeNWve5FgYzfO-DbzWFw6v&tracking_referrer=www.nature.com ]. It is a program called AlphaGo, and in October 2015 it beat the human Go champion of Europe [ http://www.nature.com/news/go-players-react-to-computer-defeat-1.19255 ] by five games to zero. To put that into context, in Deep Blue’s time, a human beginner with just a week’s practice could easily defeat the best Go computer programs. A match between AlphaGo and the world’s most titled player of the decade is lined up for March [ http://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234 ].
AlphaGo cannot explain how it chooses its moves, but its programmers are more open than Deep Blue’s in publishing how it is built. Previous Go computer programs explore moves at random, but the new technology relies on a suite of deep neural networks. These were trained to mimic the moves of the best human players, to reward wins and, using a probability distribution, to limit the outcomes for any board position to a single verdict: win or lose. Working together, these machine-learning strategies can massively reduce the number of possible moves the program evaluates and chooses from — in a seemingly intuitive way.
As shown by its results, the moves that AlphaGo selects are invariably correct. But the interplay of its neural networks means that a human can hardly check its working, or verify its decisions before they are followed through. As the use of deep neural network systems spreads into everyday life — they are already used to analyse and recommend financial transactions — it raises an interesting concept for humans and their relationships with machines. The machine becomes an oracle; its pronouncements have to be believed.
When a conventional computer tells an engineer to place a rivet or a weld in a specific place on an aircraft wing, the engineer — if he or she wishes — can lift the machine’s lid and examine the assumptions and calculations inside. That is why the rest of us are happy to fly. Intuitive machines will need more than trust: they will demand faith.
Related stories and links
From nature.com
• Google AI algorithm masters ancient game of Go
27 January 2016
http://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234
• Robotics: Ethics of artificial intelligence
27 May 2015
http://www.nature.com/news/robotics-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-1.17611
• Game-playing software holds lessons for neuroscience
25 February 2015
http://www.nature.com/news/game-playing-software-holds-lessons-for-neuroscience-1.16979
• Game theorists crack poker
08 January 2015
http://www.nature.com/news/game-theorists-crack-poker-1.16683
• Computer science: The learning machines
08 January 2014
http://www.nature.com/news/computer-science-the-learning-machines-1.14481 [at/see (linked in) http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=95854644 and preceding and following]
• Chess and GO no-brainers?
12 December 2002
http://www.nature.com/news/2002/021209/full/news021209-10.html#close
From elsewhere
• DeepMind
http://deepmind.com/
• AlphaGo
http://deepmind.com/alpha-go
© 2016 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited.
http://www.nature.com/news/digital-intuition-1.19230 [with comments]
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Google apps can now understand and pronounce Australian place names and colloquialisms
Screenshot of Australian voice recognition on Android phone
Google's search app now knows about drop bears
Screenshot of Google search app recognising 'when's the next game of footy in Brissy'
Google has added Australian colloquialisms to its Android search app, and now understands "When's the next game of footy in Brissy?"
Posted January 28, 2016 21:31:39
Google has released a version of Geoff Mack's geographical song I've Been Everywhere to demonstrate that their mobile search app can now understand and pronounce Australian place names and colloquialisms.
The song, written in 1959, has four verses listing Australian place names including Murwillumbah, Cunnamulla, Tuggerawong and Indooroopilly.
Google's update, released for both the search app and maps, follows after an Australian accent was introduced to the app's voice in the past week.
"People are starting to talk to their mobile devices more regularly - in fact, mobile voice searches have more than doubled in the past year alone," a Google spokesperson said.
"We wanted to make sure that Aussies were hearing an Australian voice speak back to them."
In order to hear the Australian accent, the language setting must be set to "English [Australia]".
Google said they worked with a team of Australian linguists to help get the Australian pronunciation and intonation just right.
Google's voice recognition has also added several Australian colloquialisms, including footy, servo, Brissy, and drop bear as well as business names Maccas and Woolies.
In testing by the ABC, the app successfully recognised all these terms but did not have an answer to "what is the best protection against drop bears?"
The search app on rival Apple's iPhone proved less reliable in interpreting colloquialisms and was unable to answer "When's the next game of footy in Brissy?"
American company Google, which began as an internet search engine and now manages a suite of online and mobile software including the Android operating system for smartphones, has a long history in Australia.
In 2004, they purchased a mapping company called Where 2 Technologies, which had been developed by Sydney-based brothers Lars and Jens Rasmussen, who has moved from California's Silicon Valley.
The brothers joined Google but stayed in Australia to turn their software into Google Maps.
In 2010, the Rasmussens were named New South Wales' Entrepreneurs of the Year in the information and communications technology (ICT) field.
© 2016 ABC
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-28/google-apps-speaks-australian-place-colloquialisms-place-names/7122606
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Quantum ‘spookiness' explained
Published on Oct 21, 2015 by nature video
Quantum physics has never made much sense. Einstein never liked the idea that separated particles could influence each other - ‘spooky action at a distance’ - but a new variation on a famous experiment may have proved its existence once and for all. Nature Video dives into a world where quantum entanglement and quantum superposition seem to defy all laws of common sense.
Find the full paper on the loophole-free Bell inequality violation here: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7575/full/nature15759.html
And read the Nature News coverage here: http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-spookiness-passes-toughest-test-yet-1.18255
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Dp27XYjHuk [with comments]
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Quantum Entanglement & Spooky Action at a Distance
Published on Jan 12, 2015 by Veritasium [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA / http://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium , http://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium/videos ]
Does quantum entanglement make faster-than-light communication possible?
First, I know this video is not easy to understand. Thank you for taking the time to attempt to understand it. I've been working on this for over six months over which time my understanding has improved. Quantum entanglement and spooky action at a distance are still debated by professors of quantum physics (I know because I discussed this topic with two of them).
Does hidden information (called hidden variables by physicists) exist? If it does, the experiment violating Bell inequalities indicates that hidden variables must update faster than light - they would be considered 'non-local'. On the other hand if you don't consider the spins before you make the measurement then you could simply say hidden variables don't exist and whenever you measure spins in the same direction you always get opposite results, which makes sense since angular momentum must be conserved in the universe.
Everyone agrees that quantum entanglement does not allow information to be transmitted faster that light. There is no action either detector operator could take to signal the other one - regardless of the choice of measurement direction, the measured spins are random with 50/50 probability of up/down.
Special thanks to:
Prof. Stephen Bartlett, University of Sydney: http://sydney.edu.au/science/physics/research/quantum/
Prof. John Preskill, Caltech: http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/
Looking Glass Universe: https://www.youtube.com/user/LookingGlassUniverse
Physics Girl: https://www.youtube.com/user/physicswoman
MinutePhysics: https://www.youtube.com/user/minutephysics
Community Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/communitychannel
Nigel, Helen, Luke, and Simon for comments on earlier drafts of this video.
Filmed in part by Scott Lewis: https://plus.google.com/+ScottLewis/posts
Music by Amarante "One Last Time": https://soundcloud.com/amarantemusic
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuvK-od647c [with (over 4,000) comments]
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All creatures great and small: Elizabeth Blackburn
Published on Sep 30, 2015 by nature video
From jellyfish to ants, all life is beautiful in the eyes of Elizabeth Blackburn, co-winner of the 2009 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. She talks about her fascination with living things and the discovery of telomerase and telomeres.
A sponsor message from Mars, Incorporated – partner of the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings – follows the credits.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=862rfT8zlTs [no comments yet]
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Smelly seeds fool dung beetles
Published on Oct 5, 2015 by nature video
When you’re a plant, it’s not easy to make sure your seeds are spread far and wide and safely buried. Unless you can trick a dung beetle into doing it for you…
Find the full paper here: http://www.nature.com/articles/nplants2015141
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSuskDPoWNU [with comments]
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Walking with chimps
Published on Oct 6, 2015 by nature video
What can we learn from chimps swinging their hips? In this Nature Video, we investigate the walking style of our primate cousins, and see what they can teach us about our ambling ancestors.
Read the full paper at http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/151006/ncomms9416/full/ncomms9416.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-0kiU25baM [with comments]
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Attack by the lake: a prehistoric massacre
Published on Jan 20, 2016 by nature video
Archaeologists uncover the remains of a community brutally murdered, ten thousand years ago. The bones of men, women and children have emerged from the bed of an ancient lake, providing evidence of a violent massacre in prehistoric Kenya.
Marta Mirazón Lahr describes the gruesome find in this Nature Video and you can read the full paper here: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v529/n7586/full/nature16477.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbCE52HTBuk [with comments]
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What is Random?
Published on Jul 16, 2014 by Vsauce [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6nSFpj9HTCZ5t-N3Rm3-HA / http://www.youtube.com/user/Vsauce , http://www.youtube.com/user/Vsauce/videos ]
SOURCES AND MORE BELOW!
My twitter: https://twitter.com/tweetsauce
My instagram: http://instagram.com/electricpants
Generate random numbers using atmospheric noise: http://www.random.org/
randomness:
http://www.random.org/randomness/
http://www.random.org/analysis/
http://faculty.rhodes.edu/wetzel/random/mainbody.html
http://faculty.rhodes.edu/wetzel/random/level23intro.html
https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~chaitin/sciamer.html
flipping a coin until 10 heads happen in a row: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwvIGNXY21Y
rolling dice until you get a Yahtzee: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiTwar7mFws
find word in YouTube video URLs with this in Google: allinurl:[your word here] site:youtube.com/watch
"Random" as slang:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/magazine/31FOB-onlanguage-t.html
http://www.theawl.com/2011/03/our-obsession-with-the-word-random-fear-of-a-millennial-planet
The many sides of dice: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dice_by_number_of_sides#D100
non-transitive dice: http://mathsgear.co.uk/products/non-transitive-grime-dice
Checking the fairness of dice:
http://www.awesomedice.com/blog/353/d20-dice-randomness-test-chessex-vs-gamescience/
http://www.1000d4.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/dice-unified-final-big.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKhpYJzCcSw
http://www.dakkadakka.com/wiki/en/That's_How_I_Roll_-_A_Scientific_Analysis_of_Dice
http://www.insidescience.org/blog/2012/09/12/dice-rolls-are-not-completely-random
A fancy super-fair die:
http://kotaku.com/the-most-technologically-advanced-six-sided-die-ever-1183763055
coin-flipping odds:
http://econ.ucsb.edu/~doug/240a/Coin%20Flip.htm
[PDF] http://statweb.stanford.edu/~susan/pa...
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/chan...
a nickel landing on it's side:
http://statweb.stanford.edu/~susan/papers/headswithJ.pdf
[PDF]: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1008.4559.pdf
a book that will keep you guessing: http://www.amazon.com/Million-Random-Digits-Normal-Deviates/dp/0833030477
17 'feels' random: http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2007/02/05/is-17-the-most-random-number/
How to be random (er.. wandom): http://www.wikihow.com/Be-Random
Bell's inequality:
http://drchinese.com/David/Bell_Theorem_Easy_Math.htm
http://www.felderbooks.com/papers/bell.html
http://www.quantiki.org/wiki/Bell's_theorem
Bell's inequality videos:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-s3q9wlLag
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zfnvGXpy-g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd-tKr0LJTM
You can't even handle how wandom and quirky I am: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STSNHeAtETM
160 Greatest Arnold Schwarzenegger Quotes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDxn0Xfqkgw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rIy0xY99a0 [with (over 13,000) comments]
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What is NOT Random?
Published on Jul 16, 2014 by Veritasium
Special Thanks to: Prof Stephen Bartlett, Prof Phil Moriarty, Prof Andrea Morello, Prof Tim Bedding, Prof Michio Kaku, A/Prof Alex Argyros, Henry Reich, Vanessa Hill, Dianna Cowern, George Ruiz and Mystery Cat. Views expressed in this video are not necessarily those of the amazing experts listed above but their advice was invaluable in making this video.
Quantum simulation by PhET:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/quantum-tunneling
Music by
Jake Chudnow: https://soundcloud.com/jakechudnow
Amarante Music: https://soundcloud.com/amarantemusic
DNA animations by http://www.wehi.tv
Space animations by NASA
Topic inspired by The Information - a history, a theory, a flood by James Gleick
Filmed on location at the University of Sydney, Washington DC and LA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMb00lz-IfE [with (over 7,000) comments]
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If God Answered Prayers
Published on Jan 18, 2016 by DarkMatter2525 [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLhtZqdkjshgq8TqwIjMdCQ / http://www.youtube.com/user/DarkMatter2525 , http://www.youtube.com/user/DarkMatter2525/videos ]
If God has a plan, then why would you pray for anything/anyone?
Royalty-free music used:
"Moon Waltz" by Zero Project
"Box up" by Hlamidas
"Bomb Alert" by Gregoire Lourme
"Evacuation" by Gregoire Lourme
"A Tribute" by Gregoire Lourme
"S1M3 2014" by Daniel Bautista
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUhIvqWyrPM [with comments]
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in addition to (linked in) the post to which this is a reply and preceding and (other) following, see also (linked in):
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=95854644 and preceding and following
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=115591043 and preceding and following,
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=119306521 and preceding (and any future following)
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=116475237 and preceding and following
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=120159291 and preceding (and any future following)
Published on Jan 27, 2016 by nature video [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7c8mE90qCtu11z47U0KErg / http://www.youtube.com/user/NatureVideoChannel , http://www.youtube.com/user/NatureVideoChannel/videos ]
Go is an ancient Chinese board game, often viewed as the game computers could never play. Now researchers from Google-owned company DeepMind have proven the naysayers wrong, creating an artificial intelligence - called AlphaGo – which has beaten a professional Go player for the first time. In this Nature Video, we go behind the scenes to learn about the game, the programme and what this means for the future of AI.
related source article:
Google AI algorithm masters ancient game of Go
Deep-learning software defeats human professional for first time.
27 January 2016
http://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234 [with non-YouTube version of this YouTube and separate audio embedded, links to further related articles, and comments]
the study:
Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search
28 January 2016
complete/full access: http://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961.epdf?referrer_access_token=r6HU3t-OJg0iw28R4yki_9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OivKk3lXs6SxMz535byYwHnl5-dYSTNp9HCujoL8AwwR39NrI-N0UvQYqpO-G6W-1I6_OXAuVukQ08lbvopRKY2yVJlWWUJvj6gL5qyO8kI3FwsIuw4iSKC-s4RoTnZdVG8WevGFeuMdJ2Zl9cZF7yq3B5sN0oYgdLhknFj6ke_8YyZwlXOAPcXzq27A9IQH4%3D&tracking_referrer=www.nature.com
abstract: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v529/n7587/full/nature16961.html
Google AlphaGo AI clean sweeps European Go champion
Two neural networks paired with a new tree search algorithm has resulted in a Go program that was able to defeat the European champion 5-0 in October.
January 28, 2016
http://www.zdnet.com/article/google-alphago-ai-clean-sweeps-european-go-champion/ [no comments yet]
Go Champion Lee Se-dol to Play Against Artificial Intelligence
2016-01-28
http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_Cu_detail.htm?No=116531 [no comments yet]
Computer Beats Go Champion for First Time
Google's DeepMind program, which has mastered the 2,500-year-old board game, is a big achievement in artificial intelligence
January 27, 2016
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/computer-beats-go-champion-for-first-time/
In a Huge Breakthrough, Google’s AI Beats a Top Player at the Game of Go
01.27.16
http://www.wired.com/2016/01/in-a-huge-breakthrough-googles-ai-beats-a-top-player-at-the-game-of-go/ [with comments]
Google’s AI just cracked the game that supposedly no computer could beat
January 27, 2016
http://qz.com/603313/googles-ai-just-cracked-the-game-that-supposedly-no-computer-could-beat/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-dKXOlsf98 [with comments]
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Alphabet Program Beats the European Human Go Champion
Demis Hassabis, a former child chess prodigy, is vice president of engineering at Alphabet’s DeepMind and leads Alphabet’s general A.I. efforts.
Credit Alphabet
By John Markoff
January 27, 2016 2:28 pm
Artificial intelligence researchers are closing in on a new benchmark for comparing the human mind and a machine. On Wednesday, DeepMind, a research organization that operates under the umbrella of Alphabet, reported that a program combining two separate algorithms had soundly defeated a high-ranking professional Go player in a series of five matches.
The result, which appeared in the Jan. 27 edition of the journal Nature [ http://www.nature.com/news/digital-intuition-1.19230 (complete/full access http://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961.epdf?referrer_access_token=r6HU3t-OJg0iw28R4yki_9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OivKk3lXs6SxMz535byYwHnl5-dYSTNp9HCujoL8AwwR39NrI-N0UvQYqpO-G6W-1I6_OXAuVukQ08lbvopRKY2yVJlWWUJvj6gL5qyO8kI3FwsIuw4iSKC-s4RoTnZdVG8WevGFeuMdJ2Zl9cZF7yq3B5sN0oYgdLhknFj6ke_8YyZwlXOAPcXzq27A9IQH4%3D&tracking_referrer=www.nature.com )], is further evidence of the power created when a class of A.I. machine learning programs known as “deep neural networks” is combined with immense sets of data.
Go is seen as a good test for artificial intelligence researchers because it is more complex than chess, with a far larger range of possible positions. This makes strategy and reasoning in the game more challenging.
Go is played with round black and white stones, and two players alternately place pieces on a square grid with the goal of occupying the most territory. Until recently, software programs had not been able to do better than beat amateur Go players. In the Nature paper, engineers at DeepMind described a program, AlphaGo, that had achieved a 99.8 percent winning rate against other Go programs. It also swept five games from the European Go champion, Fan Hui [ http://www.nature.com/news/go-players-react-to-computer-defeat-1.19255 ].
The match between the AlphaGo program and Fan Hui was in October, and the DeepMind program has continued to train since then, said Demis Hassabis, a researcher who founded DeepMind Technologies, which was acquired by Google in 2014. Google changed its name to Alphabet last year, though the company’s traditional ad-based businesses still operate under the Google label.
“The machine has continued to get better. We haven’t hit any kind of ceiling yet on performance,” he said.
The Alphabet approach relies on the newest so-called deep learning approach combined with a more traditional type of algorithm known as a Monte Carlo, which is designed to exhaustively explore large numbers of possible combinations of moves. The researchers said they had also trained their program using input from expert human Go players.
The research and the game have created a rivalry among the public relations departments of companies like Alphabet, Microsoft and Facebook.
The day before the Alphabet paper was published, Facebook republished an earlier paper the company had posted on the arXiv.org website. At the same time, Facebook issued blog posts [ https://www.facebook.com/yann.lecun/posts/10153340479982143 ] from Yann LeCun, one of its artificial intelligence researchers, and one from the company’s chief executive, Mark Zuckerberg.
The statement [ https://www.facebook.com/zuck/videos/vb.4/10102619979032811/?type=2&theater ] by Mr. Zuckerberg resulted in a swift response from one Facebook user that may express a deeper human concern than the narrow results of the research: “Why don’t you leave that ancient game alone and let it be without any artificial players? Do we really need an A.I. in everything?” wrote Konstantinos Karakasidis.
Those concerns are not likely to be heeded. In a blog post [ https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2016/01/alphago-machine-learning-game-go.html , http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUbqykXVx0A [embedded; next below; comments disabled)]
Wednesday morning, Alphabet stated that, in an effort to reprise the winning IBM Deep Blue chess playing program that defeated the chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1996, Alphabet will match its AlphaGo program against Lee Sedol, the current Go champion, for a five-game match in March.
There will be a $1 million prize for the winner, and Mr. Hassabis said that Alphabet would donate the prize to charity if AlphaGo won. The match will be streamed live on YouTube.
Mr. Hassabis, who is a skilled chess player and has been a professional gamer as well, said that Go was a beautiful game, but that “building an A.I. is also a human endeavor and a kind of ingenious one, too. The reason games are used as a testing ground is that they’re kind of like a microcosm of the real world.”
© 2016 The New York Times Company
http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/alphabet-program-beats-the-european-human-go-champion/ [with comments]
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Digital intuition
Nature Video [first item this post]
A computer program that can outplay humans in the abstract game of Go will redefine our relationship with machines.
Editorial
27 January 2016
Napoleon had it and so did Charles Darwin. Tennis champion Roger Federer has it in spades. The dictionary defines intuition as knowledge obtained without conscious reasoning. It is decision-making based on apparently instinctual responses; thinking without thinking.
Intuition is a very human skill, or so we like to think. Or, more accurately, so we liked to think. In what could prove to be a landmark moment for artificial intelligence, scientists announce this week that they have created an intuitive computer. The machine acts according to its programming, but it also chooses what to do on the basis of something — knowledge, experience or a combination of the two — that its programmers cannot predict or fully explain. And, in the limited tests carried out so far, the computer has proved that it can make these intuitive decisions much more effectively than the most skilled humans can. The machines are not just on the rise, they have nudged ahead.
Experts in ethics, computer science and artificial intelligence routinely debate whether clever machines in the future will use their powers for good or evil. This latest example of digital discovery puts neural networks to work on a problem that is almost as old: how to win at the board game Go.
Outside business-management seminars, Go is not well known in the West, but it is older, more complex and harder to master than chess. Yet it is simpler to learn and play: two players take it in turns to place black or white counters on a grid. When a counter (called a stone) is surrounded by rivals, it is removed from the board. Winning — like so much in life and war — is about controlling the most territory. The game is wildly popular across countries in east Asia, and players from Japan, China and South Korea routinely compete in televised professional tournaments.
Computers mastered chess two decades ago, when IBM’s Deep Blue machine won against then-world-champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, but Go was thought to be safe from artificial conquest. That is partly because all of the possible moves in Go, as well as the resulting combinations of stones on the board, are much too numerous for any computer to crunch through and compare to select one manoeuvre. (The same goes for chess, but the diversity in the value of chess pieces enables some short cuts.) In Go, all stones are worth the same and their influences can be felt through vast distances across the board.
On this week's issue of Nature, computer scientists at Google DeepMind in London unveil the successor to Deep Blue [complete/full access http://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961.epdf?referrer_access_token=853LIwVU26UGUk6k2Io9MtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OivKk3lXs6SxMz535byYwHnl5-dYSTNp9HCujoL8AwwR39NrI-N0UvQYqpO-G6W-3cECDTIsdm_fCTnZzpXSmLnPwdFRwBcLXjv1uE9Bbd_7NF83AJ5nOR0ZVpaERL9FkeNWve5FgYzfO-DbzWFw6v&tracking_referrer=www.nature.com ]. It is a program called AlphaGo, and in October 2015 it beat the human Go champion of Europe [ http://www.nature.com/news/go-players-react-to-computer-defeat-1.19255 ] by five games to zero. To put that into context, in Deep Blue’s time, a human beginner with just a week’s practice could easily defeat the best Go computer programs. A match between AlphaGo and the world’s most titled player of the decade is lined up for March [ http://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234 ].
AlphaGo cannot explain how it chooses its moves, but its programmers are more open than Deep Blue’s in publishing how it is built. Previous Go computer programs explore moves at random, but the new technology relies on a suite of deep neural networks. These were trained to mimic the moves of the best human players, to reward wins and, using a probability distribution, to limit the outcomes for any board position to a single verdict: win or lose. Working together, these machine-learning strategies can massively reduce the number of possible moves the program evaluates and chooses from — in a seemingly intuitive way.
As shown by its results, the moves that AlphaGo selects are invariably correct. But the interplay of its neural networks means that a human can hardly check its working, or verify its decisions before they are followed through. As the use of deep neural network systems spreads into everyday life — they are already used to analyse and recommend financial transactions — it raises an interesting concept for humans and their relationships with machines. The machine becomes an oracle; its pronouncements have to be believed.
When a conventional computer tells an engineer to place a rivet or a weld in a specific place on an aircraft wing, the engineer — if he or she wishes — can lift the machine’s lid and examine the assumptions and calculations inside. That is why the rest of us are happy to fly. Intuitive machines will need more than trust: they will demand faith.
Related stories and links
From nature.com
• Google AI algorithm masters ancient game of Go
27 January 2016
http://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234
• Robotics: Ethics of artificial intelligence
27 May 2015
http://www.nature.com/news/robotics-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-1.17611
• Game-playing software holds lessons for neuroscience
25 February 2015
http://www.nature.com/news/game-playing-software-holds-lessons-for-neuroscience-1.16979
• Game theorists crack poker
08 January 2015
http://www.nature.com/news/game-theorists-crack-poker-1.16683
• Computer science: The learning machines
08 January 2014
http://www.nature.com/news/computer-science-the-learning-machines-1.14481 [at/see (linked in) http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=95854644 and preceding and following]
• Chess and GO no-brainers?
12 December 2002
http://www.nature.com/news/2002/021209/full/news021209-10.html#close
From elsewhere
• DeepMind
http://deepmind.com/
• AlphaGo
http://deepmind.com/alpha-go
© 2016 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited.
http://www.nature.com/news/digital-intuition-1.19230 [with comments]
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Google apps can now understand and pronounce Australian place names and colloquialisms
Screenshot of Australian voice recognition on Android phone
Google's search app now knows about drop bears
Screenshot of Google search app recognising 'when's the next game of footy in Brissy'
Google has added Australian colloquialisms to its Android search app, and now understands "When's the next game of footy in Brissy?"
Posted January 28, 2016 21:31:39
Google has released a version of Geoff Mack's geographical song I've Been Everywhere to demonstrate that their mobile search app can now understand and pronounce Australian place names and colloquialisms.
The song, written in 1959, has four verses listing Australian place names including Murwillumbah, Cunnamulla, Tuggerawong and Indooroopilly.
Google's update, released for both the search app and maps, follows after an Australian accent was introduced to the app's voice in the past week.
"People are starting to talk to their mobile devices more regularly - in fact, mobile voice searches have more than doubled in the past year alone," a Google spokesperson said.
"We wanted to make sure that Aussies were hearing an Australian voice speak back to them."
In order to hear the Australian accent, the language setting must be set to "English [Australia]".
Google said they worked with a team of Australian linguists to help get the Australian pronunciation and intonation just right.
Google's voice recognition has also added several Australian colloquialisms, including footy, servo, Brissy, and drop bear as well as business names Maccas and Woolies.
In testing by the ABC, the app successfully recognised all these terms but did not have an answer to "what is the best protection against drop bears?"
The search app on rival Apple's iPhone proved less reliable in interpreting colloquialisms and was unable to answer "When's the next game of footy in Brissy?"
American company Google, which began as an internet search engine and now manages a suite of online and mobile software including the Android operating system for smartphones, has a long history in Australia.
In 2004, they purchased a mapping company called Where 2 Technologies, which had been developed by Sydney-based brothers Lars and Jens Rasmussen, who has moved from California's Silicon Valley.
The brothers joined Google but stayed in Australia to turn their software into Google Maps.
In 2010, the Rasmussens were named New South Wales' Entrepreneurs of the Year in the information and communications technology (ICT) field.
© 2016 ABC
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-28/google-apps-speaks-australian-place-colloquialisms-place-names/7122606
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Quantum ‘spookiness' explained
Published on Oct 21, 2015 by nature video
Quantum physics has never made much sense. Einstein never liked the idea that separated particles could influence each other - ‘spooky action at a distance’ - but a new variation on a famous experiment may have proved its existence once and for all. Nature Video dives into a world where quantum entanglement and quantum superposition seem to defy all laws of common sense.
Find the full paper on the loophole-free Bell inequality violation here: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7575/full/nature15759.html
And read the Nature News coverage here: http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-spookiness-passes-toughest-test-yet-1.18255
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Dp27XYjHuk [with comments]
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Quantum Entanglement & Spooky Action at a Distance
Published on Jan 12, 2015 by Veritasium [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA / http://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium , http://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium/videos ]
Does quantum entanglement make faster-than-light communication possible?
First, I know this video is not easy to understand. Thank you for taking the time to attempt to understand it. I've been working on this for over six months over which time my understanding has improved. Quantum entanglement and spooky action at a distance are still debated by professors of quantum physics (I know because I discussed this topic with two of them).
Does hidden information (called hidden variables by physicists) exist? If it does, the experiment violating Bell inequalities indicates that hidden variables must update faster than light - they would be considered 'non-local'. On the other hand if you don't consider the spins before you make the measurement then you could simply say hidden variables don't exist and whenever you measure spins in the same direction you always get opposite results, which makes sense since angular momentum must be conserved in the universe.
Everyone agrees that quantum entanglement does not allow information to be transmitted faster that light. There is no action either detector operator could take to signal the other one - regardless of the choice of measurement direction, the measured spins are random with 50/50 probability of up/down.
Special thanks to:
Prof. Stephen Bartlett, University of Sydney: http://sydney.edu.au/science/physics/research/quantum/
Prof. John Preskill, Caltech: http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/
Looking Glass Universe: https://www.youtube.com/user/LookingGlassUniverse
Physics Girl: https://www.youtube.com/user/physicswoman
MinutePhysics: https://www.youtube.com/user/minutephysics
Community Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/communitychannel
Nigel, Helen, Luke, and Simon for comments on earlier drafts of this video.
Filmed in part by Scott Lewis: https://plus.google.com/+ScottLewis/posts
Music by Amarante "One Last Time": https://soundcloud.com/amarantemusic
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuvK-od647c [with (over 4,000) comments]
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All creatures great and small: Elizabeth Blackburn
Published on Sep 30, 2015 by nature video
From jellyfish to ants, all life is beautiful in the eyes of Elizabeth Blackburn, co-winner of the 2009 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. She talks about her fascination with living things and the discovery of telomerase and telomeres.
A sponsor message from Mars, Incorporated – partner of the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings – follows the credits.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=862rfT8zlTs [no comments yet]
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Smelly seeds fool dung beetles
Published on Oct 5, 2015 by nature video
When you’re a plant, it’s not easy to make sure your seeds are spread far and wide and safely buried. Unless you can trick a dung beetle into doing it for you…
Find the full paper here: http://www.nature.com/articles/nplants2015141
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSuskDPoWNU [with comments]
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Walking with chimps
Published on Oct 6, 2015 by nature video
What can we learn from chimps swinging their hips? In this Nature Video, we investigate the walking style of our primate cousins, and see what they can teach us about our ambling ancestors.
Read the full paper at http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/151006/ncomms9416/full/ncomms9416.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-0kiU25baM [with comments]
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Attack by the lake: a prehistoric massacre
Published on Jan 20, 2016 by nature video
Archaeologists uncover the remains of a community brutally murdered, ten thousand years ago. The bones of men, women and children have emerged from the bed of an ancient lake, providing evidence of a violent massacre in prehistoric Kenya.
Marta Mirazón Lahr describes the gruesome find in this Nature Video and you can read the full paper here: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v529/n7586/full/nature16477.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbCE52HTBuk [with comments]
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What is Random?
Published on Jul 16, 2014 by Vsauce [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6nSFpj9HTCZ5t-N3Rm3-HA / http://www.youtube.com/user/Vsauce , http://www.youtube.com/user/Vsauce/videos ]
SOURCES AND MORE BELOW!
My twitter: https://twitter.com/tweetsauce
My instagram: http://instagram.com/electricpants
Generate random numbers using atmospheric noise: http://www.random.org/
randomness:
http://www.random.org/randomness/
http://www.random.org/analysis/
http://faculty.rhodes.edu/wetzel/random/mainbody.html
http://faculty.rhodes.edu/wetzel/random/level23intro.html
https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~chaitin/sciamer.html
flipping a coin until 10 heads happen in a row: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwvIGNXY21Y
rolling dice until you get a Yahtzee: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiTwar7mFws
find word in YouTube video URLs with this in Google: allinurl:[your word here] site:youtube.com/watch
"Random" as slang:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/magazine/31FOB-onlanguage-t.html
http://www.theawl.com/2011/03/our-obsession-with-the-word-random-fear-of-a-millennial-planet
The many sides of dice: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dice_by_number_of_sides#D100
non-transitive dice: http://mathsgear.co.uk/products/non-transitive-grime-dice
Checking the fairness of dice:
http://www.awesomedice.com/blog/353/d20-dice-randomness-test-chessex-vs-gamescience/
http://www.1000d4.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/dice-unified-final-big.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKhpYJzCcSw
http://www.dakkadakka.com/wiki/en/That's_How_I_Roll_-_A_Scientific_Analysis_of_Dice
http://www.insidescience.org/blog/2012/09/12/dice-rolls-are-not-completely-random
A fancy super-fair die:
http://kotaku.com/the-most-technologically-advanced-six-sided-die-ever-1183763055
coin-flipping odds:
http://econ.ucsb.edu/~doug/240a/Coin%20Flip.htm
[PDF] http://statweb.stanford.edu/~susan/pa...
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/chan...
a nickel landing on it's side:
http://statweb.stanford.edu/~susan/papers/headswithJ.pdf
[PDF]: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1008.4559.pdf
a book that will keep you guessing: http://www.amazon.com/Million-Random-Digits-Normal-Deviates/dp/0833030477
17 'feels' random: http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/2007/02/05/is-17-the-most-random-number/
How to be random (er.. wandom): http://www.wikihow.com/Be-Random
Bell's inequality:
http://drchinese.com/David/Bell_Theorem_Easy_Math.htm
http://www.felderbooks.com/papers/bell.html
http://www.quantiki.org/wiki/Bell's_theorem
Bell's inequality videos:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-s3q9wlLag
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zfnvGXpy-g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd-tKr0LJTM
You can't even handle how wandom and quirky I am: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STSNHeAtETM
160 Greatest Arnold Schwarzenegger Quotes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDxn0Xfqkgw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rIy0xY99a0 [with (over 13,000) comments]
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What is NOT Random?
Published on Jul 16, 2014 by Veritasium
Special Thanks to: Prof Stephen Bartlett, Prof Phil Moriarty, Prof Andrea Morello, Prof Tim Bedding, Prof Michio Kaku, A/Prof Alex Argyros, Henry Reich, Vanessa Hill, Dianna Cowern, George Ruiz and Mystery Cat. Views expressed in this video are not necessarily those of the amazing experts listed above but their advice was invaluable in making this video.
Quantum simulation by PhET:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/quantum-tunneling
Music by
Jake Chudnow: https://soundcloud.com/jakechudnow
Amarante Music: https://soundcloud.com/amarantemusic
DNA animations by http://www.wehi.tv
Space animations by NASA
Topic inspired by The Information - a history, a theory, a flood by James Gleick
Filmed on location at the University of Sydney, Washington DC and LA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMb00lz-IfE [with (over 7,000) comments]
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If God Answered Prayers
Published on Jan 18, 2016 by DarkMatter2525 [ http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLhtZqdkjshgq8TqwIjMdCQ / http://www.youtube.com/user/DarkMatter2525 , http://www.youtube.com/user/DarkMatter2525/videos ]
If God has a plan, then why would you pray for anything/anyone?
Royalty-free music used:
"Moon Waltz" by Zero Project
"Box up" by Hlamidas
"Bomb Alert" by Gregoire Lourme
"Evacuation" by Gregoire Lourme
"A Tribute" by Gregoire Lourme
"S1M3 2014" by Daniel Bautista
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUhIvqWyrPM [with comments]
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in addition to (linked in) the post to which this is a reply and preceding and (other) following, see also (linked in):
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=95854644 and preceding and following
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=115591043 and preceding and following,
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=119306521 and preceding (and any future following)
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=116475237 and preceding and following
http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=120159291 and preceding (and any future following)
Greensburg, KS - 5/4/07
"Eternal vigilance is the price of Liberty."
from John Philpot Curran, Speech
upon the Right of Election, 1790
F6
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