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[betahighlander]

thank you Europegood - your comments were helpful. Rosen also provided me some insght from his history. I appreiate it all. my apologies to the board for going off topic.
what was the latin when Ceaser crossed back into Italy with his Army?

Alea iacta est ("The die is cast") is a Latin phrase attributed by Suetonius (as iacta alea est ['jakta 'a?lea est]) to Julius Caesar on January 10, 49 BC as he led his army across the River Rubicon in Northern Italy. With this step, he entered Italy at the head of his army in defiance of the Senate and began his long civil war against Pompey and the Optimates. The phrase is still used today in Italy (Il dado è tratto) and in Spain (La suerte está echada) to mean that events have passed a point of no return, that something, whatever it is, will inevitably happen.

i learned that phrase on these boards. Amazing how foretelling it was

Intersting- the phrase has Greek origins:

Caesar was said to have borrowed the phrase from Menander, his favourite Greek writer of comedy; the phrase appears in “????f????” (Arrephoros,) (or possibly “The Flute-Girl”), as quoted in Deipnosophistae, Book 13, paragraph 8. Plutarch reports that these words were said in Greek:

??????st? p??? t??? pa???ta? ??ß??sa?, «??e???f?? ??ß??», [anerriphtho kybos] d?eß?ßa?e t?? st?at??.[3]

He [Caesar] declared in Greek with loud voice to those who were present 'Let the die be cast' and led the army across.
— Plutarch, Life of Pompey, 60.2.9[4]