NorthWest Biotherapeutics Inc (NWBO)

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We did a systematic review of all published clinical trials to document the proportion of patients who had an objective response (achieving either a complete response or partial response as defined by WHO criteria, or by the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors [RECIST]13) after dendritic cell vaccination in melanoma, prostate cancer, malignant glioma, and renal cell carcinoma (appendix pp 1–12). From this review, we conclude that the clinical benefit of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in terms of objective response is real, but small. With 8·5% of melanoma patients achieving an objective response (appendix pp 2–3), dendritic cell therapy has similar efficacy to dacarbazine (the standard chemotherapeutic drug for treatment of melanoma) or to ipilimumab, for which 5–15% of patients have an objective response.15,16 For prostate cancer, 7·1% of patients treated with dendritic cell therapy had an objective response when assessed by either imaging studies or by assessment of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tumour marker level (appendix p 4), which is similar to the 10% of patients with metastatic, androgen- resistant prostate cancer who are treated with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.17 In patients with malignant glioma, 15·6% of patients treated with dendritic cell therapy had an objective response (appendix p 5).