Once again Janice, a question is asked and you answer another one. I didn't see where KenG asked who issued the shares but rather, who keeps track once issued. I's obvious that only the Company issues shares. Once issued, its the transfer agent's job to transfer and account for who holds the shares. I wouldn't think that there should be any difficulty determining how many shares are supposed to be outstanding, Each share issued remains outstanding as one share and is only subject to subsequent transfers between owners when bought and sold on the open market, and any splits and share retirements. I am asumming that the mystery comes in when there is the suspision that shares are being sold where no share is owned or borrowed (in the case of short sales) to support the sale, thus, the term "naked shorting".