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Lead-Carbon Energy Storage Device Overview
PbC® Technology
The full technical description of Axion's proprietary
PbC®
technology is a "multi-celled asymmetrically supercapacitive lead-acid-carbon hybrid battery." Like a lead-acid battery, our battery consists of a series of cells. Within the individual cells, however, our construction is more complex. Where the negative electrodes in lead-acid batteries are simple sponge lead plates, our negative electrodes are five-layer assemblies that consist of a carbon electrode, a corrosion barrier, a current collector, a second corrosion barrier and a second carbon electrode. These electrode assemblies are then sandwiched together with conventional separators and positive electrodes to make our battery, which is filled with an acid electrolyte, sealed and connected in series to the other cells.
We have been testing laboratory prototypes of Axion's
PbC®
batteries since April 2004. Our test protocol requires a complete charge-discharge cycle every 7 hours to a 90% depth of discharge. During testing, our laboratory prototypes have withstood more than 1,600 cycles before failure. In comparison, most lead-acid batteries designed for deep discharge applications can only survive 300 to 500 cycles under these operating conditions. Based on the work completed during the laboratory development stage, we believe our application specific prototypes will offer several key performance advantages over conventional lead-acid batteries, including:
Over five years have been devoted to research and development on various aspects of this technology. Our work has focused on developing our intellectual property, characterizing baseline performance, developing proprietary treatment processes for the activated carbon we use in our electrodes, developing proprietary designs and manufacturing techniques for electrode assemblies and fabricating a series of material and design evaluation prototypes that range from single cell to multi-cell batteries.
PbC® Battery Overview |
Technology and Performance & Economics
Conventional lead acid batteries are comprised of two electrodes: a positive electrode made of lead dioxide (PbO2) and a negative electrode made of sponge lead (Pb). Both the lead dioxide and sponge lead materials are pasted onto lead grids that act as the current collector. Two half reactions occur on the electrodes during charge and discharge that are described by the well known double sulphate theory for lead acid batteries:
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The PbC® battery is a hybrid device that uses the standard lead acid battery positive electrode and a supercapacitor negative electrode that is made of activated carbon. The specific type of activated carbon we use has an extremely high surface area (1500 m2/g) and has been specifically formulated by Axion for use in electrochemical applications. During charge and discharge, the positive electrode undergoes the same chemical reaction that occurs in a conventional lead acid battery, i.e. lead dioxide reacts with acid and sulphate ions to form lead sulphate and water. The main difference in the PbC® battery is the replacement of the lead negative electrode with an activated carbon electrode that does not undergo a chemical reaction at all. Instead, the very high surface area activated carbon electrode stores the protons (H+) from the acid in a layer on the surface of the electrode. This new negative half reaction can be written as the following:
In conventional lead acid batteries the concentration of acid changes from being very concentrated in the charged state to somewhat dilute in the discharged state as the acid is converted to water. In contrast, the PbC® battery stores H+ in the negative electrode in the fully charges state which move to the positive electrode during discharge where they are neutralized to form water. The result is reduced acid concentration swings from the charged to discharged state which reduces grid corrosion on the positive electrode and leads to longer life of the positive electrode.
The first of its kind , PbC lead carbon bi polar battery on display at The Battery Show in Novi Michigan at the Advanced Battery Concepts booth! Look for new battery technology developments from Axion Power and Advanced Battery Concepts !
Sept 12th 2016
----------------------- MAJOR UPDATES - November 2016 ------------------------
For the last year, Axion has been working very hard to secure a partnership which would transform its patients. During 2016 Axion, re shifted its orgin from manufactoring to licensing of there current PbC patients. Axion currently owns 15 patients and have recently added two during the first part of Sept 2016. Axion also owns 5 international patents !
Axion Power International, Inc. has recently entered into a Tri-Party Letter of Intent with Fengfan Co. Ltd. of Baoding, China and LCB International Inc. of BVI, regarding the sale of Axion's PbC® technology in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau to Fengfan and LCB, along with non-exclusive licensing rights in North America. These rights also include a 2% royalty to Axion Power, and a $5 Million dollar pay out in 24 months. As of Oct 31st the agreement has been signed and the first intital down payment to Axion will begin Dec 2016.
This is the position Axion has been seeking for several months, it allows them to take there patient to China where it will be manufactored and set up in an established market. Part of why Axion has struggled is because of the attempt to manufactor these batteries. Now after the restructure and reoganziation, Axion's partnership with FengFan Co will become a leading provider in China for Lead Batteries which already has a very well established market . Not only will FengFan's partnership allow royalties it also sets up additional sales and revenue for Axion. LCB International has been a key component in finalizing the established deal .
Updates to there products,
http://www.axionpower.com/products
dont forget the power cube...
The PowerCubeTM , our highly customizable PbC? Battery energy storage system, delivers dispatchable power for many applications. Axion Power can customize the PowerCubeTM to fit specified energy storage and usage needs ranging from 100kW containers to multiple MW commercial building units. Configurations are available in building blocks of 100kW, 500kW, and 1.25MW. Custom-racking systems hold batteries securely, and seismic racks are available to absorb vibration and prevent movement.
Our PbC? Batteries Inside Your PowerCube™
PbC® Batteries offer many features that make them ideal for commercial energy storage and grid support applications which include:
• Long Cycle Life: ability to provide approximately 3,000 100% DOD cycles, PbC® Batteries provide many years of service for commercial applications resulting in a lower lifetime cost per kWh.
• Faster Recharge, reducing downtime and maximizing use of the renewable power source.
• Ability to operate in a partial state of charge (PSOC) without reducing lifetime- pertinent in applications such as frequency regulation or renewable buffering and smoothing
• Maintenance Free: AGM sealed, non spillable, self equalizing state of charge even in large strings, overall lower cost to owner
As energy bills are rising and the need to provide green solutions increases, Axion Power’s engineers have created a powerful residential energy storage solution that is customizable to meet the specifc energy needs of the homeowner. Using a 7kWh* base model cabinet, we provide ranges from 7kWh to 28kWh of stored energy. Manage peak loads, maximize consumption of stored energy and easily integrate into your existing solar panels all with ease, quality and reliability. In the event of a power outage, the Axion Power system can combine with solar to form a micro-grid, right inside the owner’s home.
Systems available offering: Energy Rating of 7kWh - 28kWh Power Capability ranging from 4kW - 8kW State-of-the-art seismic rated industrial cabinets
Why PbC? Batteries for Residential Energy Storage? PbC® Batteries offer many features that make them ideal for residential energy storage applications including:
• Long Cycle Life- ability to provide approximately 5,000 65% DOD cycles (with standard residential configuration) providing over 10 years of service resulting in a lower lifetime cost per kWh.
• Warranty-Backed: five-year full and five-year pro-rated when used in our residential systems
• Faster Recharge- quickly accept available solar energy maximizing system’s availability to provide power when needed
• Ability to Operate in a Partial State of Charge (PSOC)- In off-grid systems weather can reduce solar energy availability, PbC® batteries can operate in PSOC without reducing lifetime.
• Maintenance Free: AGM sealed, non spillable and reliable, providing renewable energy storage for many years at an overall low cost of ownership
By combining a low voltage high efficiency LED light, a solar panel and two PbC? Batteries we offer a cost effective, green, outdoor lighting solution. An energy-saving alternative for use as non-essential lighting, these solar lights will turn on at dusk and provide reliable lighting until dawn. During daylight hours, the system naturally collects solar energy, recharging PbC® Batteries for the the next night’s use.
This system is self-sustaining and does not require a grid power source. The stand-alone light is ideal for construction sites, buildings striving for LEED certification, commercial parking lots, parks or even residential communities looking to reduce their energy consumption. In addition, since this system works on stored solar power, it can be configured for use as needed - during specified hours, power outages or severe weather events - making it a more reliable system for areas susceptible to power outages.
The same power supply can be applied to remote monitoring or security applications to provide power for gas well monitoring, remote seismic sensors, weather stations, security cameras or sensors, motion lights or other monitoring equipment in remote off grid areas.
Why PbC? Batteries for Off-Grid Lighting?
PbC® Batteries offer many features that make them ideal for off-grid solar lighting or remote telemetry applications including:
• Long Cycle Life- ability to provide up to 10+ years of worry-free lighting.
• Faster Recharge- quickly accept available solar energy to store for night time lighting
• Ability to Operate in a Partial State of Charge (PSOC)- Weather may reduce solar energy availability, PbC® batteries can operate in PSOC without reducing lifetime.
• Maintenance Free: AGM sealed, non spillable and reliable, providing solar powered lighting for many years
Our off grid power supplies can be customized for a variety of lighting applications and also can be used for remote monitoring or telemetry applications. Contact us for custom options for your lighting or remote power needs.
As the U.S. Armed Forces strive to reduce energy consumption, lead the way in green practices and make our country secure by becoming energy independent, Axion Power can provide the technology to help them achieve these goals. Axion PbC® Batteries and energy storage systems can be customized to fulfill the stringent needs of the military. Using proprietary PbC? Technology, we can provide containerized PowerCube™ energy storage units offering a reliable micro-grid ranging from 100kW to 1.25MW. Our energy storage systems can also be customized to be installed in a traditional building. Custom battery racking systems can be designed to secure various numbers of battery strings and can include seismic rated braces to prevent movement of stored PbC? Batteries.
In addition to energy storage, PbC® Batteries can be used for portable power solutions, genset ramp rate control, renewable buffering and smoothing, remote monitoring, communications and a variety of other military applications.
The unique features of the PbC® Battery offer many advantages desired by the military and the defense industry that include:
• Long Cycle Life- approximately 3,000 100% DOD cycles providing longevity, resulting in a lower lifetime cost per kWh
• Faster Recharge- quickly accept available renewable energy maximizing system’s availability to provide power when needed, reducing genset run times
• Excels in a Partial State of Charge (PSOC)- Weather can reduce renewable energy availability, PbC? Batteries operate in PSOC without reducing lifetime, ideal for off-grid applications
• Maintenance Free: AGM sealed, non spillable, reliable, self equalizing state of charge even in large strings, overall lower cost to the organization
• Wide operating temperature range- Operate through a wide temperature range from -20 to 50 C
and
Testing being done in Europe
http://www.axionpower.com/press/press-release/2016-08-25-axion-powers-pbc-technology-at-the-request-of-multinational-automotive-supplier-to-undergo-independent-testing-for-auto-applications-at-the-vrije-universiteit-brussel-research-group-mobi
